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Research on Universalization of Elementary Education as an Alternative to Compulsory Schooling : Case of India

普及初等教育作为义务教育替代方案的研究：印度案例

基本信息

批准号：
07610238
负责人：
SHIBUYA Hideaki
金额：
$ 0.32万
依托单位：
TOKYO GAKUGEI UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1995
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1995 至 1996
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-07610238/
关键词：
Elementary Education Nonformal Education Compulsory Education India Educational Policy

项目摘要

The colonial policy of spreading of education to the masses in India started in the middle of 19 century, for mass education was considerd effective in keeping colonial society stabel. By contrast, National Education Movement insisted on compulsory education. As Indian nationals were gradualy getting power, Compulsory Education Laws were legislated in several States.After Independence, compulsory education had been one of the most important education policy. In 1960's, however, there were a shift in policy from compulsory schooling to universal schooling. In the late of 1970's Nonformal Education Centers, which gave elementary education in part-time bases, was introduced. This program allows child labor.It is considered that Present programms for universalization of elementary education are based on following principles ;(a) Not only Government and States but also International Organization and NGOs are playing important role in universalization of elemantary education(b) Concept of free education should be expanded to stimulate incentives of people to elemantary education.(c) Completion of elementary education should be certified not by age but by educational attainment.(d) Educational development should be considered an important core of social development.(e) Freedom of participation to educational development and decentralization are basic factors of universalization of elemantary education.

印度的殖民地教育普及政策始于世纪中期，因为大众教育对维持殖民地社会稳定具有重要作用。相比之下，国民教育运动坚持义务教育。随着印度国民逐渐掌权，印度各邦相继制定了《义务教育法》，义务教育成为印度独立后最重要的教育政策之一。然而，在20世纪60年代，政策发生了转变，从义务教育到普及教育。1970年代末，非正规教育中心开始提供非全日制基础初等教育。人们认为，目前普及初等教育的方案是基于以下原则：（a）不仅政府和国家，而且国际组织和非政府组织也在普及初等教育方面发挥重要作用（B）应扩大免费教育的概念，以激发人们接受初等教育的积极性。(c)初等教育的完成不应以年龄而应以教育程度来证明。(d)教育发展应被视为社会发展的重要核心。(e)教育发展的自由参与和教育的分权化是基础教育普及化的基本要素。