A Study on the Effect of Incentive Policies and Regulation for Spread of Renewable Energy

开放电力市场，接纳可再生能源发电等小型发电是必然的。自由化有几种类型，例如美国式和英国式。与这些国家相比，日本电力市场的自由化不足以推广可再生能源的利用。推广可再生能源的政策分为干预性政策和激励性政策两大类。在日本的产业政策史上，曾运用过干预性政策。这些政策的典型手段是补贴、财政优惠或减税。在促进可再生能源政策方面，日本采用了这种干预政策。然而，可再生能源组合标准最近于2002年引入。由于可再生能源具有区域性能源的特点，特别是在丹麦，合作所有制已经盛行。考察了这些所有制产生的历史背景，在政府对技术发展的支持方面，比较了未能发展风力发电产业的美国-德国型和成功发展风力涡轮机制造业的丹麦型。

It is inevitable to liberalize electricity market to accept small sized power generation such as power generation by renewable energy. There are several types of liberalization, for example American type and British type. Compared with these countries, liberalization in Japanese electricity market is not enough to spread the utilization of renewable energy. There are two categories of policies for the spread of renewable energy, interventional policies and incentive policies. In the history of industrial policies in Japan, interventional policies had been utilized. Typical means of these policies are subsidization, favorable finance or tax reduction. In the case of promotion policy for renewable energy, such kind of interventional policies had been utilized in Japan. However, renewable portfolio standard was introduce recently in 2002. Such kind of incentive policies become also popular in European countries.As renewable energy has a characteristics of regional energy, co-operative ownership has been prevailing especially in Denmark. We investigate the historical background of these ownership.For governmental support for technological development, we compare American-German type that failed to develop wind power industry with Danish type which succeeded in the development of wind turbine manufacturing industry.