Biodiversity enrichment in oil palm plantations (EFForTS-BEE) – long-term trajectories of plant succession and yield

热带低地雨林大规模地转变为以单一种植油棕榈为主的景观，导致生物多样性和生态功能的重大损失。恢复生态系统的一个有希望的方法是在油棕榈种植园的海洋中建立树岛。为了验证这一论点，我们建立了生物多样性富集实验EFForTS-BEE建立52个树岛在一个大型油棕种植园。该实验成立于2013年，包括不同大小和不同多样性水平的种植树木的岛屿。第一年的特点是多个类群的多样性和许多生态系统功能的增加，两个实验处理，即岛屿大小和树木多样性的显着影响。与通常的概念相反，加强生物多样性和生态系统功能并不以牺牲农业生产力为代价，即，产量，在景观尺度上。我们假设，随着时间的推移，观察到的多样性和多功能性的增加将进一步加强，但与产量的权衡将出现。未来三年的目标包括：（a）维持实验和核心监测计划，（B）分析EFForTS-BEE中两种实验处理（岛屿大小和树木多样性）的长期影响，（c）研究生态系统轨迹，包括多个组成部分的恢复，以及（d）营养过程的扩展整合。拟议的工作将与涉及生态食物网、生态层面分析、气候监管、经济学和政策的伙伴项目密切合作，并使用基于代理人的建模。EFForTS-BEE将为联合国生态系统恢复十年做出基于证据的贡献。

The large-scale conversion of tropical lowland rainforest into landscapes dominated by monocultures of oil palm has led to significant losses in biodiversity and ecological functions. One promising approach to ecosystem restoration could be to establish tree islands in the sea of oil palm plantations. To test this contention, we set up the biodiversity enrichment experiment EFForTS-BEE by establishing 52 tree islands in a large oil palm plantation. Established in 2013, the experiment comprises islands of different sizes and different diversity levels of planted trees and was. The first years were characterized by increases in the diversity of multiple taxa and many ecosystem functions with significant effects of both experimental treatments, i.e. island size and tree diversity. In contrast to the common notion, enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem functioning have not come at the expense of agricultural productivity, i.e., yield, at the landscape scale. We hypothesize that the observed increases in multi-diversity and multi-functionality will further strengthen over time but trade-offs with yield will emerge. The objectives for the next three years include (a) the maintenance of the experiment and a core monitoring program, (b) an analysis of the long-term effects of the two experimental treatments in EFForTS-BEE (island size and tree diversity), c) the study of ecosystem trajectories, including the restoration of multiple components, and d) an extended integration of trophic processes. The proposed work will be done in close collaboration with partner projects addressing ecological food webs, landscape-level analyses, climate regulation, economics and policies, and using agent-based modelling. EFForTS-BEE will enable and foster an evidence-based contribution to the UN Decade of Ecosystem Restoration.