Basic Research on Indigenous Rights of Ainu People

1997年颁布了《关于促进阿伊努文化和传播和启蒙阿伊努传统知识的法律》。该法律的目的是实现一个尊重阿伊努人作为一个民族的骄傲的社会，并通过促进阿伊努人文化，促进我国社会多元文化的发展。但是，这项法律没有明确肯定阿伊努人的土著性，也没有肯定阿伊努人的土著权利。日本宪法的主流理论否认阿伊努人的土著权利。然而，一些评论家试图证明阿伊努人在日本宪法下享有土著权利。一种观点认为，土著人的权利可以作为《宪法》第25条中“维持最起码的健康和有文化的生活标准的权利”的集体权利加以保护。另一个人将土著权利理解为享有他或她自己的社会少数民族文化的权利。札幌地方法院于1997年判决说，《宪法》第13条保障阿伊努人享有自己文化的权利。加拿大1982年《宪法法》第二部分保障加拿大土著人民的权利，第35条肯定“加拿大土著人民现有的土著权利和条约权利”。第35.1条肯定了一项原则，即邀请加拿大土著人民的代表参加宪法会议，该会议在其议程中列入一个与拟议对有关土著权利的各节进行修正有关的项目。《加拿大权利和自由宪章》第25条规定，“本宪章对某些权利和自由的保障不得被解释为废除或减损任何土著居民、条约或属于加拿大土著人民的其他权利或自由”。

The ‘Law concerning Promotion of Ainu Culture and Dissemination and Enlightenment of Knowledge about Ainu Traditions" was enacted in 1997. The purpose of the law is to realize a society in which the pride of the Ainu as a people is respected, and to contribute to the development of diverse cultures in our society through promotion of Ainu culture. This law, however, does not explicitly affirm the indigenousness of Ainu people and does not affirm indigenous rights of Ainu people.The dominant theory of the Constitutional law of Japan denies the indigenous rights of Ainu people. Some commentators, however, try to demonstrate that Ainu people enjoy indigenous rights under the Constitution of Japan. One argues that indigenous rights can be protected as collective rights of "the right to maintain the minimum standards of wholesome and cultured living" in Article 25 of the Constitution. The other understands indigenous rights as the right to enjoy his or her own culture of social minorities. Sapporo District Court held in 1997 that Ainu people are guaranteed the right to enjoy his or her own culture by the Article 13 of the Constitution.The part II of the Constitution Act, 1982 of Canada guarantees Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada Section 35 affirms "the existing aboriginal and treaty rights of aboriginal peoples of Canada". Section 35.1 affirms the principle that the representatives of the aboriginal peoples of Canada be invited to the constitutional conference that includes in its agenda an item relating to the proposed amendment to sections concerning aboriginal rights.Section 25 of Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms stipulates that "the guarantee in this Charter of certain rights and freedoms shall not be construed so as to abrogate or derogate from any aboriginal, treaty or other rights or freedoms that pertain to the aboriginal peoples of Canada".