Human rights in French legal education

最近对日本宪政思想和民法思想中关于人权条款的第三人效力和宪法与民法关系的争论的研究表明，当代法国法律中人权保护的框架和状况是其理论化工作的一个非常关键的点。本研究的第一部分主要关注法国人权保护的现状和思想。欧洲一体化对其理论产生了巨大的影响。与普遍的既定观点相反，法国的主流宪法学说断言，人权条款具有第三方效力。它认为《欧洲人权公约》是人权条款的一部分。公共秩序论证的转变就是其结果之一。本研究的第二部分分析了法国法律教育机构人权教育的内容和方法。在法国，人权教育一直处于大学一级法律教育的中心位置，其提名和内容没有丝毫变化。人权被认为是法哲学、宪法学、行政法、国际法、刑法等多学科的学科。法国大学法学教育体系中有一种非常有趣的方法，被称为“Travaux dirige”。这个系统的目的是帮助学生理解教授单方面讲课的内容。助理联合教授为讲课准备有效的教材。法官是实现司法救济的主要行动者。因此，一项补充研究分析了近年来法国法律话语中关于法官的论点的转变。

Recent research on the debates of third party effect of human rights provisions and of relation between Constitutional law and Civil law in Japanese constitutional thought and civil law thought make clear the fact that framework and situation of protection of human rights in contemporary French law is a very key point for their theorizing works.The first part of this research focuses on present thought and reality of human rights protection in France. European integration exercises a vast influence for its theory. Contrary to a general established view, the mainstream French constitutional doctrine asserts that human rights provisions have a third party effect. And it considers that the European Convention on Human Rights is a part of the human rights provisions. The transformation of argument of "order public" is one of its results.The second part of this research analyzes contents and method of human rights education in French legal educational organization. In France, education of human rights is always situated in a central place in university level legal education with no slight change of its nomination and its contents. Human rights is considered as multidisciplinary subject of Philosophy of Law, Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, International Law, Penal Law etc. French university legal educational system has a very interesting method, which is called "travaux dirige". The aim of this system is to help an understanding of students on lectures unilaterally given by a professor. An assistant corporating professors prepares effective educational materials to make up for the lectures.Judge is a principle actor for realizing a judicial remedy. So a supplementary research analyzes the transformation of argument on judge in recent French legal discourse.