Research on a methodology for contrastive description of Japanese language with foreign languages

这个项目试图发展和探索的主要主题是：(1)从对比的角度系统地描述语言现象；(2)类型学及其方法论的批判性回顾；(3)认知方法的发展。东亚语言（汉语、朝鲜语和日语）和罗曼语和日耳曼语（法语、德语和英语）对语言现象的描述是从词汇、语法和话语的角度发展起来的。在类型学及其方法论的回顾方面，对语言表达的语法化、主观表征、外来词的演变与整合等问题进行了充分的探讨，并进行了进一步的研究。此外，认知方法因没有充分考虑历史演变和社会背景而受到批评，这意味着从未将词汇的语义演变与社会演变联系起来进行研究。在这个项目中，在人类认知受文化和历史价值影响的基础上，研究了汉语、韩语、德语、法语和英语的语言特征。句法现象是根据语义现象和话语现象来描述的。这样就有可能表明认知、文化、历史、句法、语义、话语和语用要素之间存在的动态关系。

The major themes this project sought to develop and explore, were : (1) systematic description of phenomena of language from a contrastive point of view ; (2) critical reviewal of typology and its methodology ; (3) development of a cognitive approach. The description of phenomena of language in East-Asian languages (Chinese, Korean and Japanese) and in Romance and Germanic languages (French, German and English) was developed from a lexical, grammatical and discursive point of view. In terms of reviewal of typology and its methodology, the grammaticalization of linguistic expressions, subjective representation, evolution and integration of foreign words, were all well discussed and further research carried out. Further, the cognitive approach had been criticized for not sufficiently taking into account historical evolution and social context which meant that the semantic evolution of words had never been studied in relation to the evolution of society.In this project, characteristics of Chinese, Korean, German, French and English language were studied on the basis of human cognition as influenced by cultural and historical values. Syntactic phenomena were described in relation to semantic and discursive phenomena. Thus it was possible to make evident the dynamic relation that exists between the cognitive, cultural, historical, syntactic, semantic, discursive and pragmatic elements.