Reality and effectiveness of support for raising infants and school children

〇以全国91所（第一年）公立和私立幼儿园为对象，在4年间进行了3次问卷调查和访谈，对幼儿园养育支援的实施情况和效果进行了调查。调查和访谈的结果表明，使用下班后护理服务的母亲比不需要这些服务的母亲感到养育子女的负担更重。此外，在研究期间的三年中，提供育儿咨询服务的幼儿园数量有所增加，这些服务不仅提供给自己幼儿园孩子的父母，也提供给住在同一社区的其他父母。此外，聘请发展心理学家等外部专家的幼儿园也有所增加。此外，为子女尚未入园的家长提供支援的幼稚园数目亦有所增加，服务时间亦有所延长…更多的服务亦延长至全年。〇为了研究亲子关系的发展和父母支持的需求，进行了3项纵向研究。第一项研究的目的是通过通径分析，探讨从怀孕到产后1年，抑郁症与夫妻亲密关系之间的因果关系。研究人员对228对夫妻进行了调查，发现妻子在怀孕期间经历的抑郁会影响她们产后6个月对丈夫的亲密程度，进而影响她们产后1年的抑郁程度。同时，妻子在怀孕期间的抑郁影响了丈夫在孩子出生后6个月的抑郁，并且在每个给定的时间点，妻子的亲密关系影响了丈夫的亲密关系。第二项纵向研究旨在阐明为人父母后心理健康的变化及影响心理健康的因素。截至2006财年末，有220名父亲和290名母亲参加了第五次调查，他们的孩子年龄在三岁以下。分析结果表明，矛盾的夫妻关系对产后1年的抑郁有显著影响。第三项纵向研究旨在阐明产后抑郁的危险因素，研究对象为527名孕妇（其中287名出生后1年）。结果表明，产后抑郁的危险因素随时间的变化而变化；然而，怀孕期间的抑郁总是导致抑郁的各个方面。该研究特别指出，在孩子出生后的最初阶段，怀孕意愿或工作生涯的决定会影响抑郁症。少

○Three questionnaire surveys and an interview were conducted over four years with 91 (in the first year of this study) public and private kindergartens across the country in order to examine the reality and effect of implementation of support for raising kindergarteners. Results of the surveys and interview indicated that mothers who used after-hours nursing services felt more burdened by parenting than those who did not require these services. Also, the number of kindergartens that provided counseling services on parenting increased over the three years during the study, and these services were available not only for parents of own kindergartners but also for other parents who lived in the same community. Furthermore, the number of kindergartens that hired outside experts such as developmental psychologists also increased. In addition, the number of kindergartens that provided support for parents whose children had not yet entered kindergarten increased, and the length of such service … More provision was also extended to throughout the year.○In order to examine the development of parent-child relationships and needs for parenting support, 3 longitudinal studies were conducted. The objective of the first study was to examine the causal relationships between depression and husband-wife intimacy from pregnancy to 1 year postpartum using path analysis. When 228 husband-pregnant wife pairs were examined, depression experienced by wives during pregnancy influenced their intimacy toward husband at six months postpartum which then affected their depression at one year postpartum. Meanwhile, wives' depression in pregnancy influenced husbands' depression at six months after child birth, and also, wives' intimacy influenced husbands' intimacy at every given time points. Second longitudinal study was conducted to clarify the changes in mental health when individuals became parents and the factors that influenced mental health. As of the end of FY2006, 220 fathers and 290 mothers participated in the fifth survey when children grew up to be three years old. The result of analysis indicated that ambivalent husband-wife relationships had significant effects on their depression at one year after child birth. The third longitudinal study in the aim of elucidating risk factors of postpartum depression was conducted with 527 pregnant women (287 women at 1 year after birth). The result showed that risk factors of postpartum depression varied depending on time; however, depression during pregnancy always contributed to depression at every point. The study indicated in particular that the pregnancy wantedness or decisions on job-career influenced depression during the initial period after child birth. Less