Perception verbs in Khoe languages : their polysemies and semantic extensions

本研究揭示了K≠哈巴语、G|UI和G‖Ana三种喀拉哈里语感知动词系统的独特类型特征。在K≠haba中，有三个感知经验的动词(非受控的)，即/moo/“看见”、/kum/“听到”和/k‖am/“味道”。据观察，/k‖am/“味觉”在语义上扩展到另外两种感觉形式“触摸”和“嗅觉”。因此，这一体系与维伯格(1984：147)关于感知动词层级的部分建议形成了反例：他的层级意味着，一个动词基本上意思是“感觉”，它的意义延伸到了“品味”，但反之亦然。此外，在G|UI和G‖Ana中所谓的联结知觉动词以及K≠haba中也观察到了相似的语义延伸，即“看”与“品味”对“品味”与“品味”。这一事实表明，Viberg的以下观点是值得怀疑的：“对于交配的人来说，似乎认为气味是第一个被词汇化的情态。”(第145页)。“味”在感知动词中的重要地位可能是这一语言群的一个特点。问题是为什么“品味”在这些语言中扮演着重要的角色。为了探讨这个问题，建议G|UI具有一个精心设计的动词/形容词的词汇语义域，其中包括“味道”和/或“食物质地”。“味”在这些科伊桑语感知动词中的重要地位可能反映了与这一特殊语义域相关的特定文化特征。由于这些科埃语几乎没有被描述或描述得很差，本研究在博茨瓦纳进行了实地调查，以收集相关的原始数据。因此，研究结果还包括语言文献，如G|UI的语音-音系学文献，相关语言的社会语言学调查，以及人类学民族志。(288字)

This study has revealed a typologically unique feature of the perception verb systems attested in three Kalahari Khoe languages, namely, K≠haba, G|ui and G‖ana. In K≠haba, there are three verbs of perception of experience (non-controlled), i. e./moo/"see", /kum/"hear", and/k‖am/"taste". It is observed that/k‖am/"taste" semantically extends to the other two sensory modalities "touch" and "smell". This system, therefore, presents a counter example against part of Viberg's (1984: 147) proposal on the hierarchy of perception verbs: his hierarchy implies that a verb basically meaning "feel" extends its meaning to "taste", but not vice versa. In addition, the similar semantic extension is observed in the so-called copulative perception verbs in G|ui and G‖ana, as well as K≠haba, i.e. "look" vs. "taste (for sound)" vs. "taste (for taste)" vs. "taste (for touch)" vs. "taste (for smell)". This fact indicates that the following Viberg's view is questionable: "For the copulatives it seems to hold that smell is the first modality to be lexicalized." (p. 145). The important status of "taste" in the perception verbs may presumably be a feature of this language group. The question is why "taste" plays an important role in these languages. In order to explore this question, it is suggestive that G|ui has an elaborated lexical semantic domain of verbs/adjectives of "taste" and/or "food texture". The important status of "taste" in the perception verbs in these Khoisan languages probably reflects a culture-specific feature associated with this special semantic domain.Since these Khoe languages are virtually undescribed or poorly described, this study has conducted field investigations to collect relevant original data in Botswana. The research results, therefore, also include language documentations, such as phonetic-phonological documentation of G|ui, sociolinguistic survey of relevant languages, and anthropolinguistic ethnography. (288 words)