Bone formation and optimal bone regeneration by using adult stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells and analysis of the molecular mechanism

人骨髓间充质干细胞（hMSC）和成骨细胞因子（骨形态发生蛋白-2，BMP-2和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子，bFGF）形成并再生在颅骨缺损和异位血管化flao与明胶载体作为支架。移植后4周，再生骨由转录因子调控的“间充质”谱系。bFGF增强血管生成和皮瓣血流量以及增加hMSC增殖。绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）转染的hMSC显示转录因子PEB 2a在第7天与GFP阳性细胞一起沿着表达，并且成熟骨细胞标记物骨钙素在第14天与GFP阳性细胞一起弥漫地沿着表达。这解释了移植的hMSCs分化成骨。细胞、材料和化学因子均已在日本获得临床批准或在不久的将来合格，因为至少所有这些都已在美国和欧洲国家获得批准。这可能导致间充质干细胞骨再生在临床上的应用。原位和异位骨再生实验可能需要更多非人灵长类动物的数据。

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) and osteogenic cytokines (Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2, BMP-2 and basic Fibroblast Growth Factor, bFGF) form and regenerate in cranial defect and in ectopic vascularized flao with a gelatin carrier as a scaffold. Regenerated bone is regulated by "mesenchymal" lineage by transcription factor in four weeks after transplantation. The bFGF enhances angiogenesis and flap blood flow as well as increases hMSC proliferation. The Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-transfected hMSC demonstrated transcription factor, PEB2a, expression by day 7 along with GFP-positive cells and mature bone cell marker, osteocalcin, by day 14 diffusely along with GFP-positive cells. This explains the grafted hMSCs differentiated into bone. The cells, materials, and chemical factors are all either clinically approved or eligible in the near future in Japan since at least all are approved in USA and European nations. This may be leading to mesenchymal stem cell bone regeneration in the clinical application. More data with non-human primates may be required for orthotopic and ectopic bone regeneration experiments.