Sustainable Irrigation Management and Flood Protection in Consideration of Whole Nile Basin Model

由于尼罗河内的生态系统范围超过世界上任何其他河流流域，因此管理问题差异很大。苏丹盖济拉方案中播期对高粱产量、水分利用效率和水分管理的影响很大程度上影响了青尼罗河水的有效利用。通过实验研究了这一影响。该试验还旨在确定最迟的播种日期，而不影响产量和其他用户的用水量。农业作物的实际用水量被认为是灌溉用水管理、水资源规划和水资源分配的关键因素。传统上，蒸散量的估算方法是将参考蒸散量乘以作物系数，而作物系数是根据作物的现象阶段推导出来的。本研究利用ETM+遥感影像估算了灌溉高粱蒸散的日、月和季节空间分布。由于蒸发，白色尼罗河水的一半在Balir al-Jebel沼泽或Sudd地区流失。从水文、渔业、农业、环境监测和经济等角度来看，沼泽面积的估算是非常重要的。利用遥感技术对Sudd地区全年的动态进行了评估，并应用空间分布的径流模型对网格单元产生的径流进行了路由。这项工作不同于以往的建模工作的盆地，因为它占的空间变化的流动参数。这项研究还表明，利用主要来自全球档案的数据集成功模拟了一个地方/国家缺乏数据的流域的水文循环，最后，这项研究概述了尼罗河流域的数据可用性和水文建模情况，以期讨论今后建模的可能方向，并确定这些模型的实际应用。

Management problems vary widely as the range of ecosystems within the River Nile surpasses that of any other river basin in the world. The impact of sowing dates on sorghum yield, water use efficiency and water management in Sudan Gezira scheme influences much the effective use of the Blue Nile water. An experiment was conducted to study on the impact. The experiment also aimed at determining the latest possible sowing date without jeopardizing yields and water use for other users.The availability of the actual water use from agricultural crops is considered as the key factor for irrigation water management, water resources planning, and water allocation. Traditionally, evapotranspiration has been estimated by multiplying the reference evapotranspiration by crop coefficient which is derived from the phenomenological crop stages. In this study ETM+ images were used to estimate spatial distribution of daily, monthly and seasonal ET for irrigated sorghum.Wetlands are a basic pillar for the earth ecosystem. Half of the White Nile water is lost in Balir al-Jebel Swamp or Sudd areas because of evaporation. The swamp area estimation is so important from hydrological, fishery, agricultural, environmental monitoring and economical point of views. The dynamic behaviors of Sudd areas were evaluated throughout the year by using remote sensing techniques.An application of a spatially distributed flow model is presented to route generated runoff from the grid cells. The work differs from previous modelling work on the basin in that it accounts the spatial variability of the flow parameters. The study also demonstrated the successful simulation of the hydrological cycle for a local/national data-poor basin using data sets mainly from global archives.Finally, the study provides an overview of data availability and hydrological modelling in the Nile Basin with a view of discussing possible future directions for modelling and identifying practical applications for such models.