A Study of Meditation and dhyana from Older Upanisads to Early Buddhism

在印度哲学和佛教中，瑜伽和禅那的训练是重要的修行方法。但是，起源尚不清楚。我提出了我对古奥义书中冥想问题的研究结果，即Brhadaranyakopanisad 1和2，包含了内省对阿曼的认识，并影响了其他奥义书。佛教中有各种各样的修持方法，如四禅四戒三昧，八禅八戒，三十七菩提法，包括四禅、三昧和内观。关于这些方法是如何在《阿迦摩》中系统化的问题，我提出了我的研究结果，即“禅”（sila, dhyana, prajna）的构成阐明了“禅”的意义是修行的支点，而三十七个菩提paksa-dharma的系统化，不仅指《阿迦摩》，也指《律宗》和佛陀的生活故事。它也有助于早期的佛教研究，不清楚的梵文原版和藏文等效的汉语词汇在三息间变得清晰。一份关于研究结果的报告中，有两篇文章，“三玉玉摩加瓦加和穆拉斯瓦提瓦达-毗萨耶跋”和“三玉玉摩加瓦加研究：寻找失落的“般若三玉”。”此外，还增加了藏文翻译的关于三玉塔迦摩玛加迦密的《Vastusamgrahani》，与玄奘的翻译进行比较，以供阿迦玛研究使用。

In Indian philosophy and Buddhism, the training of yoga and dhyana is important practice methods. But, it is not clear as for the origin. I presented the results of my research as to a problem of the meditation in old Upanishads, that Brhadaranyakopanisad 1 and 2, contain the recognition of the atman by the introspectiveness and influenced other Upanishads.Various practice methods such as four dhyana and four aruptya-samadhi, eight vimoksa and eight abhibhvayatana, thirty-seven bodhipaksa-dharma including four smrtyupasthana, samatha and vipasyana are known in Buddhism. About the problem how these methods are systematized in Agama, I presented the results of my research that the constitution of siksa-traya (sila, dhyana, prajna) elucidated that the significance of dhyana was the pivot of practices and the systematized by thirty-seven bodhipaksa-dharma, referred to not only Agama but Vinaya and Buddha's Life Story. It contributes also to the Early Buddhist Studies that unclear Sanskrit original and the Tibetan equivalent of the Chinese vocabulary about dhyana in Samyuktagama became clear.A report on research results places two articles, "Samyuktagama Margavarga and Mulasarvastivada-vinaya Bhaisajyavastu" and "A Study of the Margavarga of the Samyuktagama: In search of the Lost "Prahana-samyukta" in the Original Vol. 25." Furthermore, Tibetan translation of the Yogacarabhumi "Vastusamgrahani" about Samyuktagama Margavarga, compared with Xuangzang's translation is added to be use for the Agama study.