Urban and spatial economics considering multiple externalities

我们开发了理论和定量分析空间经济中与规模经济、外部性、税收和法规相关的多重扭曲的政策效果的方法。在空间经济中，办公和住房租金反映了集聚经济和规制的效应。我们对大手町-丸之内地区解除建筑容积率管制所产生的成本和收益进行了估算，得出了收益大于成本的结果。我们还开发了一个关于企业和工人区位选择的理论模型，并表明企业和工人的异质性对于更具体的分析很重要。在机场和港口的投资和管理中，规模经济、监管和集聚经济之间的相互作用是重要的。我们讨论了提高东京和大阪机场和港口效率的政策方向。此外，我们还提出了一种兼容的地方机场改革方式，以鼓励东京和大阪的建议。考虑到商品市场中税收产生的扭曲的相互作用，我们可以计算出最优税率。但是，统一税制具有便于实施的优点。我们使用日本消费数据估计了需求函数，并表明统一税所达到的福利水平非常接近最优商品税所达到的福利水平。通过建立沿海货运服务部门的部分均衡模型，我们评估了被称为“过渡性业务”的监管方案，该方案被安装为该部门自愿能力监管的后续监管方案。这一结果暗示了当前管制造成的福利损失，以及从其他运输方式转向其他运输方式的可能幅度。

We have developed methods for theoretical and quantitative analysis of policy effects in a spatial economy with multiple distortions related to scale economies, externalities, taxations, and regulations.In a spatial economy, the office and the housing rents reflect the effects of agglomeration economies and regulations. We have estimated costs and benefits generated by the deregulation of building floor to area ratio in the Otemachi-Marunouchi area and obtained the result that the benefit exceeds the cost. We also have developed a theoretical model with the location choices of firms and workers and shown that heterogeneities of firms and workers are important for more concrete analysis.In investing and managing airports and ports, the interactions among scale economies, regulation, and agglomeration economies are important. We have discussed the policy direction to improve the efficiency in the airports and ports in Tokyo and Osaka. In addition, we have proposed a compatible way of the reform of local airports to encourage the proposals on Tokyo and Osaka.Taking into account of the interaction of distortions generated by taxations in the commodity markets, we can calculate the optimal tax rates. However, the uniform tax has an advantage of ease for practice. We have estimated the demand functions using Japanese consumption data and shown that uniform tax attains the welfare level very close to that is attained by the optimum commodity tax.By developing a partial equilibrium model of the coastal freight service sector, we evaluated the regulatory scheme called "transitional business," which was installed as a succeeding regulatory scheme of the voluntary capacity regulation for this sector. The result implies the welfare losses by the current regulation and the possible magnitude of the modal shifts to from other transport modes.