The Botzinger complex and its role in respiratory rhythm generation

延髓呼吸中枢涉及多种呼吸神经元，产生呼吸的自动节律，并产生呼吸相关肌肉的时空组织收缩。主要使用猫和大鼠的电生理学和神经解剖学研究大大增加了我们对整个呼吸系统及其网络机制的了解。目前，延髓腹外侧的一个有限区域，即所谓的Botzinger复合体和前Botzinger复合体，是我们关注的焦点。在这个区域，一些兴奋性和抑制性神经元具有特定的放电模式和特征性的形态特征已被确定。这些神经元形成的网络包括：1）吸气和呼气神经元之间的抑制性联系，2）吸气神经元之间的兴奋性联系，3）呼气神经元之间的抑制性联系，4）吸气神经元之间的抑制性联系。 ...更多信息 罗恩。这些突触连接中的一些对于呼吸节律的产生是必不可少的，并且一些对于模式化呼吸输出的形成是必不可少的。我们已经表明，增加和减少呼气神经元的Botzinger复杂的呼吸节律的关键抑制神经元，他们使用甘氨酸作为其抑制性递质。臂旁核周围的脑桥区，包括Kolliker-Escherichnucleus，深深参与呼吸控制，称为脑桥呼吸组。我们分析了脑桥呼吸神经元的放电模式和轴突投射。确定了六种类型的射击模式。大多数的呼吸神经元检查被逆向激活的延髓的电刺激。它们从腹侧呼吸群和Botzinger复合体周围的延髓腹外侧区和延髓背内侧区被激活，表明脑桥呼吸神经元与包括Botzinger神经元在内的延髓呼吸神经元密切相关。少

The medullary respiratory center involving a variety of respiratory neurons generates the automatic rhythmicity of respiration and produces the spatio-temporally organized contraction of respiration-related muscles. Electrophysiological and neuroanatomical studies using largely cats and rats, have greatly increased our knowledge about the overall respiratory system and its network mechanisms. Currently, a limited region of the ventrolateral medulla, which spans the areas called the Botzinger complex and the pre-Botzinger complex, is the focus of our attention. In this region, a number of excitatory and inhibitory neurons with specific firing patterns and characteristic morphological features have been identified. These neurons form the networks that involve 1) inhibitory connections between inspiratory and expiratory neurons, 2) excitatory connections between inspiratory neurons, 3) inhibitory connections between expiratory neurons, and 4) inhibitory connections between inspiratory neu … More rons. Some of these synaptic connections are essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm, and some for the formation of patterned respiratory outputs. We have shown that both augmenting and decrementing expiratory neurons of the Botzinger complex are key inhibitory neurons for the respiratory rhythm and that they use glycine as their inhibitory transmitter. The pontine area around the parabrachial nucleus including the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus is deeply involved in respiratory control and called the pontine respiratory group. we analyzed the firing patterns and the axonal projections of pontine respiratory neurons. Six types of firing patterns were identified. The majority of the respiratory neurons examined were antidromically activated by electrical stimulation of the medulla. They were activated from the ventrolateral medulla around the ventral respiratory group and the Botzinger complex and from the dorsomedial medulla, suggesting that the pontine respiratory neurons are closely linked with the medullary respiratory neurons including- the Botzinger neurons. Less