Basic Research on Indigenous Rights as Group Rights

1. 加拿大土著人的权利1982年《宪法法》第35条保护土著人的权利，其中包括土著人的土地使用权、捕鱼和狩猎的权利以及自治的权利。土地和捕鱼的权利被认为是集体的权利。日本宪法规定的个人与群体的关系：在第13条规定尊重个人的原则，第21条规定保护结社自由的日本宪法的规范框架内，个人与群体的关系可以有以下几点。第一，个人作为自然人，本来就享有人权；第二，组织、加入和退出社团的自由，本来就是保障个人的；第三，由个人会员自愿成立的社团，作为社团享有一定的人权；第四，一定的社团可以集体行使一定的人权，这意味着一定的“集体人权”可以得到宪法的保护。即使尊重个人和个人自主决定的原则被认为是最重要的，第五，在尊重个人的原则下，只有当个人是独立的个人，而不是群体的成员，并且在尊重个人和个人自主决定的宪法原则下，个人的尊严才能得到维护的情况并不总是这样。个人应享有决定其尊严的基本要素和维护尊严的方法的自由。群体土著权利的可能性在日本宪法的规范框架下，如果某些群体土著权利能够得到宪法的保护，那么群体土著权利并不完全被否定。

1. Aboriginal Rights in CanadaSection 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 protects aboriginal rights which include the aboriginal title to land use, the right to fishing and hunting, and the right to self-government. The right to land and to fishing is held to be group rights.2. Relation Between Individuals and Groups under the Constitution of JapanThe following points can be made concerning the relation between individuals and groups within the normative framework of the Constitution of Japan that provides the principle of respecting individuals by article 13 on the one hand and protects the freedom of association by article 21 on the other hand. First, individuals, as natural persons, originally enjoy human rights, second, freedom of forming, joining and withdrawing from associations is originally guaranteed to individuals, third, associations founded by the intention of individual members enjoy as associations certain human rights, fourth, certain association could exercise certain human rights collectively, which means that certain "collective human rights" could be constitutionally protected, even if the principle respecting individuals and autonomous decision of individuals is regarded as of fundamental importance, fifth, it is not always the case under the principle respecting individuals that the dignity of individuals can be maintained only when individuals are independent individuals, not members of groups and under the constitutional principle respecting individuals and autonomous decision of individuals, individuals should enjoy the freedom to decide the essential elements of his or her dignity and the methods of maintaining the dignity.3. Possibility of Group Indigenous RightsUnder the normative framework of the Constitution of Japan, group indigenous rights are not denied in toto, if certain indigenous rights can be constitutionally protected.