The influence of cognitive and emotional responses on movement under pressure

本研究的目的一是探讨人类在压力下的运动特征，二是探讨意识加工和注意资源短缺等认知反应的影响，以及生理情绪反应对压力下运动的影响。在实验1中，24名参与者在压力下完成了一项高尔夫球推杆任务。实验二：30名被试在压力下进行乒乓球正手击球。在这两个实验中，都诱导了一个低水平的压力。虽然球的位置是有偏差的，但在两个实验中，表现分数都没有受到影响。此外，在两个实验中，对运动和干扰物的注意力都有所增加。在实验1中，虽然下摆阶段的加速度和速度增加，但在拿回阶段和跟进阶段的运动幅度减小。收回阶段的夹持力也增大。参与者表现出的分心越多，他们就越倾向于朝向球杆头的目标的右侧。参与者的心率增加越大，杆头的加速度和速度的增加也越大。在实验2中，在压力作用下，击球点前移，球拍面向目标左侧移动。球拍和球的加速度和速度在压力下减小。此外，参与者对自己的动作或其他东西的关注越多，他们的动作变化就越大。因此，本研究表明，认知和情绪反应的变化导致压力下运动控制的改变，尽管压力的影响因任务而异。

The first objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of human movement under pressure, and the second was to investigate the influence of cognitive responses, such as conscious processing and attention-resource shortage, and the influence of physiological emotional response on movement under pressure. Twenty-four participants performed a golf putting task under pressure in Experiment 1. Thirty participants performed a table tennis forehand shot under pressure in Experiment 2. In both experiments, a low level of pressure was induced. Although placement of the ball was biased, performance scores were not influenced in either experiment. In addition, the amount of attention toward movement and distracter increased in both experiments. In Experiment 1, the movement amplitude in the take-back phase and follow-through phase decreased, although acceleration and velocity in the downswing phase increased. The gripping force in the take-back phase also increased. The greater amount of distraction the participants displayed, the greater the bias was toward the right side of the target facing the club head. The larger the increase in the participants' heart rate, the larger the increase in acceleration and velocity of the club head during down-swing. In Experiment 2, the impact points shifted forward, and the direction of the racket faces shifted toward the left of the target under pressure. The acceleration and velocity of the racket and the ball decreased under pressure. In addition, the more attention the participants gave to their movement or to something else, the more their movement varied. Therefore, the present study showed that changes in cognitive and emotional responses lead to modifications in motor control under pressure, although the influence of pressure varies among tasks.