Interpretation of referential intentions in learning word meanings

(1)“指定部件”类型指向与幼儿学习部件名的关系。本研究考察了幼儿是否能够利用“酝酿中的成年人”指向物体的不同部位所获得的信息来学习部件名称。如果成年人将S的一根手指绕着想要的部分做圆周运动，即使是两个人也能将触摸的部分和给定的标签联系起来。我们之前的研究表明，如果两岁的孩子观察到成年人只触摸部件并给出标签，他们就不能学习部件名称。这种“指定部分”的类型指向可以促进幼儿学习部分名称。(2)不一致标注情境下照顾者视线和说话时序的解读我们向幼儿展示了两个不熟悉的物体，并考察了他们在标注不一致的情况下如何移动视线，或者成人正在看的物体和成人正在注意的物体不同。我们发现，如果成年人将无人看管的物体标记为…更确切地说，孩子将注意力集中在自己选择的物体上超过10秒钟，大约60%的四岁儿童在没有检查成年人的视线的情况下拿着另一个无人照看的物体。结果表明，幼儿正确理解成人S话语的时序，以明确所指的对象。(3)幼儿对指称意图的理解和对从属范畴标签的习得。我们考察了日语中的While定语命名，如“Kore wa shiba desu.(This Og Is Shiba)”是否能促进儿童获得从属范畴标签，而不是像“This is Dog”这样的指称命名。一张刺激卡片在卡片中央描绘了一只狗。通过比较两个提示者和一个提示者的情况，我们得出结论：归因性命名本身能够有效地表达指称意图。较少

(1) "Specifying part" type pointing and young children's learning part names.We investigated whether young children can use information from 'brewing adults' pointing to apart of an object to learn part names of objects. Even two were able to associate the touched part and a given label if the adult moved one' s finger around the intended part with a circular motion. Our previous study showed that two-year-olds could not learn part names if they observed the adult only touched the part and gave a label. This "Specifying part" type pointing can promote young children's learning part names.(2) Interpretation of caregiver's line- of-regard and timing of utterances in a discrepant labeling situationWe showed young children two unfamiliar objects and investigated how they move their line-of-regard in the situation of discrepant labeling, or the object the adult was looking at and the object the adult was attending to were different. We found that if the adult labeled the unattended object … More confirming the child was focused on the object of one's choice for more than 10 seconds, around 60% of four-year-olds took the other unattended object without checking the adult's line-of-regard. It was shown that young children properly interpret the timing of adult' s utterances to specify the object to which the label was given.(3) Young children's interpretation of referential intentions and acquisition of subordinate category labelsWe investigated whether the whiles attributive naming in Japanese such as "Kore wa shiba desu. (This dog is shiba) " can promote children's acquisition of subordinate category labels than referential naming such as "This is dog" This is shiba. A stimulus card depicted a dog in the center of the card. The result wail that attributive naming promoted 4yearolds acquire subordinate category labels Through comparison between the situation of two presenters and one presenter we concluded that attributive naming itself is effective to show referential intentions. Less