Geographical Research on Evolution Mechanism of Agricultural Space : Case Study of the Diffusion of Alternative Food Production System

这项研究的目的是阐明当地行为者如何在面对内外动乱的情况下设法维持农业生产和振兴农村社区。日本农业由工业/生产主义模式和后工业/后生产主义模式组成。工业模式和后工业模式的特点都是以知识为基础的经济活动。农民需要不断创新技术和经营管理，以应对国际和区域间的竞争。目前尚不清楚农民如何创造知识以获得竞争优势，以及知识如何传播到一个地区的其他农民中。为什么一些地区在内忧外患的情况下还能坚持生产？这些领域是如何带来持续创新的？我们想通过温室…下替代生产系统在蔬菜中的扩散的案例研究来探索这些问题的答案从知识创造和学习环境的角度来看，更多的成长领域。主要研究结果如下：1.日本大棚蔬菜产区(高知、福冈、爱知、茨城、千叶)已推广病虫害综合管理(IPM)。自20世纪90年代末以来，高知县Aki的当地参与者通过创新和推广新的病虫害防治方法，成功地振兴了温室蔬菜生产(图4)。新的害虫入侵日本和消费者对替代食品的需求引发了IPM在研究区域内的扩散。当地农民学习小组组长、州推广服务中心、农业合作社等不断创新温室蔬菜病虫害防治技术的发展。持续的区域创新使该地区能够自我持续发展。研究区本土学习体系持续区域创新。农民分享他们的经验，自己创造隐性知识(图5)。如何将持续的区域创新理解为区域对区域间竞争和消费者行为变化的反应，本地化学习系统的成功与否是关键。研究区农民内部的合作竞争和空间共生是基于知识创造的持续区域创新和农业区域自我持续演化的要求。与高知蔬菜产区相比，静冈茶区缺乏当地的学习系统，导致IPM方法在农民中的推广延迟。IPM技术已从荷兰引进日本。IPM现已成为荷兰温室蔬菜生产中的普遍做法。推广IPM方法的成功归功于荷兰支持个体蔬菜种植者决策的咨询系统。最近，消费者行为和社会对农业角色的看法从生产主义转向后生产主义，导致荷兰农业部门发生了变化，转向采用环境友好型生产技术和追求食品质量，特别是对健康的担忧。较少

The purpose of this study is to elucidate how local actors have managed to sustain agricultural production and to revitalize rural community in the face of internal and external perturbations. The agriculture of Japan consists of the industrial/productivism model and post-industrial/post-productivism model. Both industrial and post-industrial model are characterised with a knowledge based economic activity. Farmers are necessary to innovate their skill and farm management continuously to cope with international and inter-regional competition. It is not clear how farmers can create knowledge to gain competitive advantage and how knowledge diffuses into other farmers within an area. Why have some areas sustained their production in the face of internal stress and external disturbance? How do these areas bring about continuous innovation? We would like to explore answers to these questions through a case study of diffusion of the alternative production system into vegetable under greenhou … More se growing area from the standpoint of knowledge creation and learning environment. The findings are as follows:1. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has been diffused into the traditional vegetable under greenhouse producing areas (Kochi, Fukuoka, Aichi, Ibaraki and Chiba) in Japan (Fig.3).2. Local actors of Aki in Kochi prefecture have managed to revitalize vegetable production under greenhouse by innovating a new pest control method and diffusing of it since the late of 1990s (Fig.4).3. The new pests invasion to Japan and consumer demand for alternative food have triggered off the diffusion of IPM within the study area. Local actors, for instance regional leader of farmers' study group, prefectural extension service center, and agricultural cooperative have continuously tried to innovate the development of the pest control technique for vegetable under greenhouse production. Continuous regional innovation enabled the self-sustained evolution of the area. The local learning system of the study area has sustained continuous regional innovation. Farmers share their experiences and create tacit knowledge themselves (Fig.5). The success of making local learning system is a main key to understand continuous regional innovation as regional responses to inter-regional competition and changes of consumer behavior. Both cooperative competition and spatial symbiosis within farmers of the study area are a requirement for continuous regional innovation based on knowledge creation and self-sustained evolution of agricultural area.4. In comparison with vegetable producing area in Kochi, the lack of local learning system in the tea growing area of Shizuoka brings about the delay in spreading of IPM method to farmers.5. The technique of IPM has been introduced from the Netherlands to Japan. IPM has now become common practice within Dutch vegetable production in greenhouse. The success of spreading IPM method is due to the advisory system for supporting the decision-making of individual Dutch vegetable growers. Recent shifts in consumer behavior and societal views of the roles of agriculture from productivist to post-productivist bring about the changes of Dutch agro-sector to the adoption of environmentally friendly production technique and pursuit of food quality, especially health scares. Less