Toward the Development of Cognitive Economics From the Emergentist Perspective

我们研究的最终目标是对人类智力的分析。本研究基于Damasio（1994）提出的躯体标记假说，采用实验任务设计，考察了情绪、感觉和认知评价之间的关系，探讨了风险和歧义的心理和神经过程的差异。首先，当被试感觉到要增加风险实验游戏的难度超过一定限度时，风险的感知被传递到具有悲观预期的模糊性感知。从风险知觉到模糊知觉的传递是通过数字化脑电图（EEG）获得的伴随负变（CNV）的第一波脑电波的恢复来显示的。第二，利用最近发展起来的功能近红外光谱（fNIRS）和随机化检验对长时间序列的fNIRS数据进行分析，我们发现当被试感觉到执行风险游戏的复杂性和难度增加时，左侧眶额皮质（OFC）和左侧背外侧前额叶皮质（dl-PFC）的激活变化具有统计学意义。这是第一个神经经济学的研究，以分析在长期运行和重复的实验中，鲁棒性和持久的不确定性的阿克顿歧义。

The ultimate target for our research is the analysis of the human intelligence. Considering the implications of the somatic markers hypothesis by Damasio (1994), we present experimental task designs to investigate the difference between psychological and neural proceeding of risk and that of ambiguity in order to examine the implications of relationship among emotions, feelings and cognitive evaluations.We demonstrate in our study the following two conclusions. First the perception of risk is transmitted to the perception of ambiguity with pessimistic expectations, when the subjects feel to increase the difficulty of risky experimental games to be executed beyond a certain limit. The transmission from the risk perception to the ambiguity perception is shown by the recovery of the first brain waves of contingent negative variation (CNV) which is obtained by using the digital electroencephalography (EEG). Second using the recently developed functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and the randomization test for analyzing the long-running time-series fNIRS data, we demonstrate that the changes in activation of the left orbito frontal cortex (OFC) as well as the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dl-PFC) are statistically significant, when the subjects feel to increase the complexity and difficulty of executing the risky game. This is a first neuroeconomic study to analyze Knightian ambiguity which is robust and persistent uncertainty in the long-running and repeated experiment.