The medieval history of England revised from a point of view of the sea

虽然英格兰是不列颠岛的一部分，四面环海，但在渔业、海上贸易和交通以及海军方面的研究相对缺乏；也就是说，缺乏那些变成海员活动的东西。在我看来，这种缺失的研究联系有两个原因。其中之一是，目前英国人面临着食鱼文化的衰退。另一个问题是，第十至第十三章的历史证据主要是关于广义上的税收和争端的解决。后者从来没有表现出当时鱼是不吃的，但他们在日常生活中做了很多和各种各样的鱼。这意味着鱼本来可以作为维持生计的消费，养活包括最贫困人口在内的普通人。这就是为什么鲱鱼、鲑鱼、鳗鱼等不属于特定鱼类的鱼类被排除在征税对象之外的原因。在14世纪的家庭账户中，我们可以看到许多不同的鱼的名字。可以肯定地说，英国的历史是从土地的角度来写的。然而，中世纪的英国人离不开海洋。因此，我们需要通过“鱼眼”来重新审视中世纪的历史。作为研究的结果，我从四个学术观点(1)环境特征和技术，(2)社会关系，（3)各种权利关系，(4)市场和贸易）对中世纪英国历史有了新的认识。

Although England is a part of the Isle of Britain, surrounded by sea, there are relative lack of researches into fishery, maritime trade and traffic, and naval force ; that is, lack of those into activities of sea-men. There seems to me two reasons of this missing research link. The one is that at the present day British people face the cultural decay of ichthyophagy. The other problem is that historical evidence form tenth-to thirteenth was mainly concerned with taxation and settlement of disputes in a wide sense. The latter never shows that at that time fish had not been eaten, but they did a lot and various fish in their daily life. This means that fish could have been subsistence consumption to support ordinary people including the poorest people. This is the reason why fish exclusive of particular fish, such as herring, salmon and eel, dropped off the list of taxation. In the fourteenth century house hold-accounts we can see many and various names of fish. It may be safe to say that the history of England has been written from a point of view of land. However, the medieval English people could not survive without relationship with sea. Therefore, we need reconsider the medieval history through' fish eyes'.As the result of this research I show a new understanding of the medieval English History from four academic points of view : such as(1) environment characterization an technology,(2) social relationship,(3) various relations of rights, and (4) markets and trades.