Economic function of private charters in Northern Italian cities in 8th-9th century.

公证员(抄写员)在8至9世纪写下了许多文件，不仅有记录在案的法庭案件(Placita)等公共事迹，还有意大利北部城市的私人宪章(协议、捐赠、遗嘱、交流和其他法律文书)。公证员是需要的，以维持伦巴第纪元时期契约行为和特许使用的习俗。新的意大利草书被用于编辑私人宪章，因为它的书写速度和实用性。公证员在9世纪下半叶撰写了许多土地所有者和自由农民之间的土地合同。这向我们展示了特许经营在农村经济中的重要性。公证员可能在国王的城市帕维亚的宫殿里学习过，或者在每个城市的大教堂周围学习过写作训练。在这种背景下，抄写员将城市与农村结合起来。

The notarii(scribes) wrote a lot of documents in the 8^<th>-9^<th> century, not only public deeds like recorded court cases(placita), but also private charters(agreements, donations, testaments, exchanges, other legal instruments), in northern italian cities. The notaries were needed to sustain a custom of contractual acts and usages of charters from the Lombard era. The' new Italian cursive' script was used for a redaction of private charters because of its speed for writing and practicalities. The notaries wrote many agrarian contracts between land owners and free peasants in the latter half of 9th century. That shows us the importance of usages of charters in rural economy. The notaries might have studied in the palace of Pavia, king's city, or around cathedrals of each city for training of writing. In this context, the scribes combined cities with the countryside.