development of economic institutions for input/output transactions of industrial undertakings in India in the first half of the 20^<th> century

这项研究的目的是澄清殖民时期印度的工业企业如何发展经济机构/公司组织，以协调企业的投入/产出交易。为此，这项研究侧重于发展经济机构/公司组织，以获得20世纪上半叶印度三大主要行业--棉纺厂、黄麻厂和钢铁工业--的长期资本和工业劳动力。主要基于来自贾姆谢德普尔的太钢档案馆、浦那的塔塔中央档案馆、孟买的马哈拉施特拉邦档案馆、加尔各答的西孟加拉邦档案馆、新德里的印度国家档案馆、大英图书馆、学校和东方及亚洲研究图书馆、伦敦经济学院图书馆、邓迪大学档案馆和格拉斯哥大学档案馆的档案证据，对发展程度进行了分析。(1)…三个主要行业的企业长期资本的主要来源是折旧基金和准备金，以及各种类型的股本。在殖民时期的印度，虽然股本被认为是工业企业长期资本的唯一来源，但折旧基金和储备基金的发展程度与其他长期资本来源相似。这一发现促使我们重新思考公认的观点。(2)20世纪20年代和20年代，三大行业的企业将劳动管理制度从间接制转变为直接制。在间接制度下，公司将劳动管理转包给工头或主管；在直接制度下，公司直接负责劳动管理，如招聘、晋升和解雇，特别是低层劳动。研究还证实，在试图引入科学的劳动管理制度并在转型期间通过培训底层工人的同时，这些公司不得不承受劳工罢工的后果，特别是在20世纪20年代。研究还调查了商业企业直销网络的发展，以帮助大规模生产，以满足消费者的需求。此外，殖民地政府的政策影响了经济机构/企业组织的发展，也影响了三大行业企业的效率。这项研究的一些结果已经发表在参考论文上。我从一些研究人员那里收到了建设性的和令人鼓舞的评论。我要感谢他们对我的研究的善意考虑。不用说，所有的错误和缺点都是我的。较少

The aim of this research was to clarify how industrial undertakings in colonial India developed economic institutions/corporate organizations to coordinate the input/output transactions of businesses. Toward this end, this research focused on the development of economic institutions/corporate organizations for acquiring long-term capital and industrial labour of companies belonging to the three main industries in India in the first half of the twenties century ; cotton mill, jute mill and iron and steel industries. An analysis of the extent of development was conducted, mainly on the basis of archival evidence from the TISCO Archives at Jamshedpur, Tata Central Archives at Pune, Maharashtra State Archives at Mumbai, West Bengal State Archives at Kolkata, National Archives of India at New Delhi, British Library, School and Oriental and Asian Studies Library, LSE library, Dundee University Archives, and Glasgow University Archives.The main results of the research were as follows.(1) The … More leading sources of long-term capital for business enterprises from the three main industries were depreciation funds and reserve funds, in addition to various types of share capital. In colonial India, while share capital was considered the only source of long-term capital for industrialundertakings, depreciation funds and reserve funds developed, in similar extent, as other sources of long-term capital. This finding urges us to reconsider the accepted view.(2) Business enterprises from the three main industries transformed the labour management system from an indirect system to a direct one in the 1920s and 1920s. Under the indirect system, a company subcontracted the management of labour such as the recruitment, promotions, and discharge, especially of the lower class of labour, to the foreman or supervisors ; under the direct system, the company took direct responsibility for the management of the labour. The research also ascertained that, while attempting to introduce a scientific labour management system and by training the lower class of labour during this transformation, the companies had to suffer the consequences of labour strikes, especially in the 1920s.The research also investigated the development of a direct sales network of business enterprises to help in mass production to meet the demands of consumers. Further, the policies of colonial government influenced the development of economic institutions/corporate organizations as well as the efficiency of business enterprises from the three main industries. Some results from this research have already been published in referred papers.I have received constructive and encouraging comments from a number of researchers. I would like to thank them for their kind consideration of my research. Needless to say, all the mistakes and shortcomings are mine. Less