Gradual withdrawal strategy in Japanese coal industry and the support systems for the re-employment of the workers.

在日本煤炭工业中，国家为了保障煤炭工人就业和经济，推迟了闭矿的时机。在磐城市的常板炭矿的情况下，该公司在20世纪50年代初采取了逐步退出煤炭开采的战略。因此，该市成功地克服了关闭的破坏，现在是东北地区最成功的工业城市。公司的多元化战略、地方政府的产业促进战略和劳资合作联盟的产业促进战略是成功转型的因素。

In Japanese coal industry, the timing of mine closure was delayed by the national policy to ensure the employment of coal workers and economy. In case of Joban Tanko in Iwaki city, the company adopted the gradual withdrawal strategy from coal mining in early 1950s. As a result, the city successes to overcome the damage of the closure and is now the most successful industrial city in Tohoku region. The factors associated with the successful transition were the diversification strategy of the company, the industrial promotion strategy by the local government and the labor-management cooperative union.