Explorations into a Top-Down Approach to the Copy Theory of Movement

作为自下而上的句子结构构建方法的一个有希望的替代方法，我在乔姆斯基的极简主义框架内对自上而下的方法进行了调查。在对A-运动的重建效应进行初步调查后（参见Terada (2010a, b)）， Terada（2011）的论文“Where do the Binding Conditions (A) and (C) apply?”（sokubaku joken (A) to (C) wa dokode tekiyo sareruka)）从自上而下的角度讨论了诺姆·乔姆斯基（1981）约束理论的应用时机问题，为David Lebeaux（2009）的“约束条件(A)最好作为“anywhere条件”来分析，约束条件(C)是“everywhere”条件”的论点提供了论据。根据他的论文，条件(A)必须在一个引喻（即反身代词或反身代词）引入的句子的推导过程中至少满足一次，条件(C)在一个引喻表达涉及的句子的推导过程中任何一点都不能违反。基于这一结论，我在2012年的论文《on Reconstruction Strategies （Sikochiku sutorateji ni tsuite）》中讨论了Leddon（2006）观察到的成人语法和儿童语法在A-bar移动现象中的重构效应差异。当包含参考表达式（如专有名词）的疑问名词短语在一个代词上移动时，可以使用重构效果，该代词与r表达式共同索引到句子的初始位置。我用自上而下的方法直接解释了儿童语法和日本英语学习者语法缺乏重构效果的原因，认为他们依赖于某种重构策略，这种策略有利于形成重构后的逻辑结构。这一分析在我2013年的论文《中介语中的相对化：衍生和重建（Chukan-gengo niokeru Kankeisetsu no Hasei to Saikochiku）》中得到了进一步证实。本文观察到英语母语者和日语英语学习者在重构构形的语境中产生不同的构形。作者已经表明，本调查中提出的自上而下的方法为观察到的事实提供了一个直接的解释。少

As a promising alternative to a bottom-up approach to sentence structure building, I have conducted an investigation into a top-down approach and within Chomsky’s minimalist framework. After preliminary surveys of reconstruction effects on A-movement (cf. Terada (2010a, b)), Terada’s (2011) paper, “Where do the Binding Conditions (A) and (C) apply? (sokubaku joken (A) to (C) wa dokode tekiyo sareruka),” has discussed the issue of timing of the application of Noam Chomsky’s (1981) Binding Theory from the top-down perspective, providing an argument for David Lebeaux’s (2009) thesis that Binding Condition (A) is best analyzed as an “anywhere condition” and that Binding Condition (C) is an “everywhere” condition. According to his thesis, Condition (A) must be satisfied at least once during the derivation of a sentence in which an anaphor (i.e. either a reflexive or reciprocal pronoun) is introduced and Condition (C) must not be violated at any point of derivation of a sentence in which a r … More eferential expression is involved. Based on this conclusion, my 2012 paper, “On Reconstruction Strategies (Sikochiku sutorateji ni tsuite),” has discussed differences in reconstruction effects on A-bar movement phenomena between adult grammar and child grammar observed by Leddon (2006). Reconstruction effects are available when an interrogative noun phrase containing referential expressions (such as proper nouns) is moved across a pronoun with which the r-expression is co-indexed toward the sentence-initial position. I have shown that the lack of reconstruction effects in child’s grammar and the grammar of Japanese learners of English is explained in the top-down approach straightforwardly, by claiming that they rely on a certain reconstruction strategy which facilitates the formation of after-reconstruction logical structure. This analysis is further confirmed in my 2013 paper, “Relativization in Interlanguage: Derivation and Reconstruction (Chukan-gengo niokeru Kankeisetsu no Hasei to Saikochiku)”. In this paper, it is observed that native speakers of English and Japanese learners of English yield different configurations in the context of reconstruction configurations. The author has shown that the top-down approach proposed in this investigation provides a straightforward account for the observed facts. Less