A Study of Filipino Colonial Nationalist and Their Involvement in the American Colonial Projects

在菲律宾官方历史上，菲律宾民族主义者被描述为从美国殖民主义中真正解放出来的人。美国殖民主义始于1898年，结束于1946年。然而，与这种传统的前提相反，他们作为农村精英和地主在土地积累等方面的经济基础，被美国殖民国家制度强化并纳入其中。在这种波动的情况下，他们最关心的不是如何应对因农村土地租赁率和失地农民的增加而引发和恶化的土地问题，而是如何保持他们的经济效益和优势不变。这种由美国人和菲律宾民族主义精英安排的殖民合作模式，极大地造福了新兴的菲律宾精英阶层，但却不禁拉大了地区、阶级和种族的差距，最终导致菲律宾国家的严重分裂。

In official Philippine history, Filipino nationalists have been described as true liberators from American colonialism, which started in 1898 and ended in 1946. Contrary to such a conventional presupposition, however, their economic foundation in land such as land accumulation, as the rural elite and landlords, was intensively strengthened by and incorporated into the American colonial state system. Under this fluctuating circumstance, their primary concern was not how to cope with agrarian problems triggered and worsened by increasing land tenancy and landless peasants in rural areas ; rather it was how to keep their economic benefits and advantages intact. This mode of colonial cooperation, arranged between the Americans and the Filipino nationalist elites, which greatly benefited the emerging Filipino elite class, could not help but widen gaps in region, class, and ethnicity, eventually leading to serious divisions in the Filipino nation.