The Political Appointment System and the Relationship between Politics and Administration in the Civil Service from Comparative Perspective

政治任命的概念在各国之间已经发生了转移，但看到政治与行政之间的关系无疑是一种敏锐的洞察力。本研究界定了美国和法国的政治任命概念，分析了法定和实践规定对任命的程度。政治任命的字面意思是，官员的任命只是因为对任命官的政治忠诚而没有任何规定。本研究发现，这两种纯粹的任命在两国比较少见，并且存在对任命的监管机制。两者的机制有所不同，但在以下方面有一些相似之处：由大会批准，由中央人事管理机构进行定性和定量调节，由官僚网络进行实际调节。政治任用概念的分层与规制的遮蔽，暗示了日本公务员制度改革的问题。

The concept of political appointment has been diverted among countries, but it is a surely perceptive to see a relationship between politics and administration. This research defines the concept of political appointment in the United States and France analyzing the extent of the statutory and practical regulations to the appointment. The political appointment literally means that officials are appointed only because of political loyalty to the appointing officer without regulations. In this research, it is revealed that these pure kinds of appointment are rather exception in two countries, and there are the mechanisms to regulate the appointment. The mechanism differs in these two, but there are some similarities in the followings: the approval by the congress, qualitative and quantitative regulation by the central personnel management institution, and practical regulation by bureaucratic network. The concept of political appointment is layered along with the regulation shading, and this definition suggests the issues of the civil service reform in Japan.