Comparative Study on Environmental/Lifestyle Assessment and Multi-ethnic Coexistence in Swahili Maritime Society focusing on Resource Use and Management

本研究以斯瓦希里海洋社会中的族群：坦桑尼亚的基卢瓦族和黑手党，肯尼亚的拉穆族和佩特族为研究对象，分析了斯瓦希里海洋社会对海岸资源的开发与共享。因此，覆盖着红树林的内海对每个岛屿的居住和职业空间都很重要。基卢瓦岛上的族裔群体很容易分为两类渔业。班图渔民在内陆海的红树林进行采集捕鱼，而在公海上进行网捕鱼的主要是拥有昂贵大船的阿拉伯后裔渔民。每个族裔群体都能垄断自己的渔业。这有助于维持岛上多民族的和谐共处。然而，从2004年左右开始，由于沿海开发，基卢瓦岛的海洋资源使用发生了变化。班图渔民一般在内陆海的红树林捕鱼，但由于新的红树林环境保护政策，他们的捕鱼活动受到限制。失去捕鱼设备和生计的班图渔民被迫陷入贫困。因此，两个族裔群体之间的经济差距扩大，对日常生活安全的恐惧在基卢瓦社会中蔓延。岛上的班图妇女开始更积极地参与经济活动，包括开办炸鱼生意，以帮助家庭预算。自2005年以来，巫术案件不断增加，萨满教作为一种反巫术仪式在基卢瓦沿海社会蓬勃发展。本研究阐明了环境保护政策引起的传统资源利用方式的改变对该地区文化和经济结构的影响

This study analyzed the exploitation and sharing of coastal resources by according to ethnic groups in Swahili maritime society: Kilwa and Mafia in Tanzania and Lamu and Pate in Kenya. As the result, the inland seas covered with mangroves were important for residence and occupational spaces in each island. The ethnic groups on Kilwa Island are easily categorized into two types of fisheries. Gathering fishery on the mangrove inland sea was found to be practiced by Bantu fishers, whereas net fishing on the open sea was conducted primarily by fishers of Arab descent who possessed expensive large boats. Each ethnic group has been able to monopolize its own fisheries. This has contributed to the maintenance of harmonious multi-ethnic coexistence on the island. However, from around 2004, maritime resource use on Kilwa Island has changed due to coastal development. The fishing activities of Bantu fishermen, who generally fish on the mangrove inland sea, have been restricted due to new conservation policies for mangrove environments. Bantu fishermen who lost their fishing equipment and livelihood were forced into poverty. As a result, the economic gap between the two ethnic groups widened, and fear for the security of daily life has spread within Kilwa society. Bantu women on the island have started to more actively participate in economic activities, including starting fried fish businesses, to help family budgets. Since 2005, sorcery cases were increasing, and shamanism as an anti-sorcery ritual has burgeoned in Kilwa coastal societies. This study clarified how the changing of traditional resource use caused by the environmental conservation policy gives influences on cultural and economical structures in this region