Dialog between judges and political branches in domestic implementation of international obligations in Japan

在国内相关法律制度已经存在的领域，需要一些创新的解释来调整现有的法律制度结构。总体而言，日本法院倾向于避免这样的努力，只是宣布国际法律规范不适用。然而，与现行法律制度的严重紧张关系导致一些法官采用相当演变的解释，而这种司法先例在某种程度上与最近通过立法措施有效解释国际法的改革有关。总而言之，我们不能将国际法执行不力的主要责任归咎于法官。我们应该更多地关注加入国际条约时内阁和国会的行为

In the fields where the relevant domestic law system already exists, some inovative interpretation would be indispensable to adjust the existing structure of law system. In general, Japanese courts tend to avoid such efforts, simply to declare non-applicabilty of international legal norms. Nevertheless, hard tension with the existing system of law leads some of judges to adopt rather evoltive interpretation, and such judicial precedents are, to some extent, relevant to recent reforms for effective imprementation of international law through legislative measures. In sum, we cannot attribute main responsibility to judges for ineffective implementation of international law. we should pay more attention to behavors of Cabinet and Diet at the time of adhesion to international treaties