Sensitivities of deep convective systems on temperature stratification, surface parameters and orography

一种新的云微物理方案被应用于德国气象局（DWD）的Lokalmodell（LM）云分辨分辨率。新方案依赖于平衡方程的大小分布，数量以及质量密度，五种类型的液体和冰水凝物的两个时刻。除了改进了对许多云微物理过程的描述外，双矩方案还能够区分海洋和大陆条件，这在很大程度上控制了云微物理和对流云的动力学。我们设想的许多情况包括有利于对流云发展的理想情况和真实的情况。所考虑的条件从环境参数的气候学（如分层、湿度和风廓线）到特定事件不等。在假设理想化和现实的地形的相关过程和它们的相互作用，确定降水的开始，演变，时间和位置进行了系统的研究，第一次使用的业务有限区域NWP模式的全部功能。此外，决定性的降水演变的关键参数进行了评估的切线线性模型及其伴随应用到云微物理模块。

A novel cloud microphysics scheme is applied in the Lokalmodell (LM) of the German Weather Service (DWD) with cloud resolving resolution. The new scheme relies on balance equations for two moments of the size distributions, number as well as mass densities, of five types of liquid and ice hydrometeors. Besides improved descriptions of many cloud microphysical processes the two-moment scheme is able to distinguish between maritime and continental conditions which are known to largely control cloud microphysics and dynamics of convective clouds. Very many scenarios to be envisaged comprise idealized and real cases favourable to the development of convective clouds. The conditions taken into account range from a climatology of environmental parameters as stratification, humidity and wind profiles as well as to particular episodes. In assuming idealized and realistic orography the relevant processes and their mutual interactions determining precipitation initiation, evolution, timing and location are systematically investigated for the first time using the full capabilities of an operational limited-area NWP model. Additionally, crucial parameters decisive for precipitation evolution are assessed by a tangent-linear model and its adjoint applied to the cloud microphysics module.