SPP 1400: Early Monumentality and Social Differentiation. The Origin and Development of Neolithic Large-Scale Buildings and the Earliest Complex Societies in Northern Central Europe

在公元前五千年和四千年期间，不同欧洲地区的演变过程必须被视为对整个欧洲历史和格局的形成。这是新石器时代的社区开始在地面上竖起纪念碑，并用土围栏标记其中心位置的时候。这些发展可能被视为生存和交换制度以及礼仪取向变化所导致的社会进程的结果。优先方案将首次提供机会，在不同规模上系统地、跨学科地研究中北欧区域的这些进程。在这样做的过程中，有关社会分化的问题将被解决，与纪念性的起源有关。因此，聚落考古和社会考古对优先方案特别重要：(1)有必要对聚落结构进行评估，以评估简单聚落、围地、仓库、简单墓地和纪念碑墓地之间的关系。(2)必须从生产和分配模式方面研究新石器时代(漏斗烧杯)群落区域群体之间的交换关系及其动态。(3)新石器时代社区内的社会分化过程必须通过物质文化研究以及仓库、坟墓和聚落发现的空间环境来调查。在这些方面，跨学科战略是确定所述专题的基本要求。对新的考古资料进行有针对性的系统评估，并综合应用生物、地质、材料和社会科学以及人文科学的方法，将构成历史解释的基础。这些调查建立在所涉项目之间严格的合作原则基础上，目的是不仅在数据收集过程中而且在数据的处理和使用过程中做到透明和平等。综合所有现有的和新获得的数据，并从生态、社会历史和文化人类学的角度进行解释，将使人们能够正确理解所提到的过程。

Processes evolving in different European regions in the 5th and 4th millennium BC have to be seen as formative for the whole European history and landscape. It was the time when Neolithic communities started erecting above ground monuments and marking their central places with earthen enclosures. These developments may are to be seen as the outcome of social processes resulting from changing systems of subsistence and exchange as well as ritual orientations. The Priority Programme will for the first time provide the opportunity to systematically and interdisciplinarily study these processes in the region of Northern Central Europe at different scales. In doing so, questions concerning social differentiation will be addressed, connected to the genesis of monumentality. Thus, settlement archaeology and social archaeology are especially important for the Priority Programme: (1) An evaluation of settlement structures is necessary to assess the relations between simple settlements, enclosures, depots, simple and monumental graves. (2) The exchange relations and their dynamics between regional groups of the Neolithic (funnel beaker) communities have to be investigated in regard to patterns of production and distribution. (3) The processes of social differentiation within the Neolithic communities have to be investigated via material culture studies and the spatial settings of depots, graves and settlement finds. In these respects an interdisciplinary strategy is a basic requirement for the identification of the topics mentioned. A well-directed systematic assessment of new archaeological source materials together with the combined application of methods from the bio-, geo-, materials and social sciences as well as the humanities will form the basis for historical interpretations. The investigations build upon a stringent cooperation principle between the projects involved aiming for transparency and equality not only in the process of data acquisition but also the processing and use of data. The synthesis of all currently available and newly acquired data with interpretations from an ecological, socio-historical and cultural anthropological perspective will enable a proper understanding of the processes mentioned.