Reward motivations associated with bullying trajectories

项目摘要 欺凌是世界范围内最常见的青少年虐待形式，与深远、持久的有害影响有关 心理、社会、学术和健康功能。欺凌行为的连锁效应让美国损失了数十亿美元 而目前的干预措施只能带来适度的改善。纵向考查 欺凌的过程表明，儿童时期的行为各不相同，尽管早期的欺凌行为被认为是一种 尤其令人不安的是持续反社会行为的预言者。最近针对Alternate的欺凌干预 奖励过程，特别是对相对奖励的偏好(例如，那些以牺牲他人利益为代价的奖励) 展现出了希望。然而，欺凌的轨迹如何与改变的奖励处理有关，以及肇事者如何 过程相对奖励与绝对奖励(例如赚到的钱或积分)的比较目前尚不清楚。 解释导致欺负行为的生物行为奖励机制可能允许设计和 实施更多生物信息、经验支持的干预措施，可以提供更多 减少欺凌行为。K99/R00独立之路奖的目标是为申请者提供 在纵向数据分析技术方面的培训，以解释欺凌的轨迹如何与改变有关 奖励过程，以及设计fMRI任务以识别改变的奖励机制的培训 与欺凌有关。此外，我的培训的主要重点将是进行欺凌研究 通过与我的共同导师合作与多个机构进行交互，可翻译为干预计划 参与青少年暴力和虐待的利益攸关方。为了实现这些目标，我组建了一个 委员会将提供无与伦比的指导，他们在纵向上具有广泛的背景 为青少年行为建模(BARCH、Jonson-Reid、Jackson、Luby和Vaillancourt博士)，设计fMRI任务 分析特定机制的年轻人(巴奇博士和西尔维斯特博士)，并有利用研究结果的经验 来自广泛跨层次(青年、家长、学校、机构)的可行干预措施的研究(Dr。 乔森-里德、巴克、卢比、瓦扬库尔和格伦)。这些培训目标将使我能够测试以下预测 欺负行为与绝对奖赏加工和飞行员任务相关的轨迹 K99阶段的相对和绝对奖赏偏好。从这次调查中了解到的结果将通知R00， 在那里，我将测试欺凌的轨迹是否预测相对回报相对于绝对回报的偏好，以及 如果欺凌预示着神经对相对奖赏和绝对奖赏的反应增加。这项提案的结果 将澄清与欺凌有关的奖励处理变化，检查其他行为问题的特异性， 并检查与欺凌行为的其他解释相关的相对奖励偏好，为 在未来的R01中测试干预。这项提议解决了人们对欺凌的重要关切，这是一项任务 NICHD使命的核心，并为申请者提供成功学术所需的基础 在研究型大学的职业生涯。

PROJECT ABSTRACT Bullying is the most common form of youth abuse world-wide and is linked to profound, lasting, deleterious effects to psychological, social, academic and health functioning. The cascading effects of bullying costs the US billions of dollars annually, and current interventions produce only modest improvements. Longitudinal examinations of the course of bullying show that behaviors vary over childhood, though early perpetration is thought to be a particularly troubling predictor of continued antisocial behavior. A recent bullying intervention targeting altered reward processes, specifically a preference for relative rewards (e.g. those earned at the expense of others) shows promise. However, how trajectories of bullying relate to altered reward processing, and how perpetrators process relative rewards in comparison to absolute rewards (e.g. money or points earned) is currently unknown. Explicating the biobehavioral reward mechanisms contributing to bully perpetration may allow for the design and implementation of more biologically-informed, empirically-supported interventions that can provide greater reductions in bullying. The goal of this K99/R00 Pathway to Independence Award is to provide the applicant with the training in longitudinal data analysis techniques to explain how trajectories of bullying relates to altered reward processes, as well as training in designing fMRI tasks to identify altered reward mechanisms related to bullying. Additionally, a primary focus of my training will be to conducting bullying research translatable to intervention programming, by working with my co-mentor in interfacing with multiple agency stakeholders involved in youth violence and maltreatment. To achieve these goals, I have assembled a committee that will provide unparalleled mentorship, whom have extensive backgrounds in longitudinally modelling youth behaviors (Drs. Barch, Jonson-Reid, Jackson, Luby, and Vaillancourt), designing fMRI tasks for youth that assay specific mechanisms (Drs. Barch and Sylvester), and who have experience leveraging findings from research into feasible interventions with broad cross-level (youth, parent, school, agency) buy-in (Drs. Jonson-Reid, Barch, Luby, Vaillancourt, and Glenn). These training goals will allow me to test predictions about trajectories of bullying in relation to absolute reward processing and pilot tasks capable of assessing relative and absolute reward preference during the K99 phase. Results learned from this will inform the R00, where I will test whether trajectories of bullying predict preference for relative vs. absolute rewards and if bullying predicts increased neural response to relative vs. absolute rewards. Results from this proposal will clarify reward processing alterations related to bullying, examine specificity to other behavioral problems, and examine relative reward preference in relation to other explanations of bullying, setting the stage for the testing of an intervention in a future R01. This proposal addresses important concerns about bullying, a mission core to the NICHD mission, and provides the applicant with the foundation needed for a successful academic career at a research-I university.