Training in Structural, Physiologic and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

项目摘要/摘要 自近50年前诞生以来，磁共振成像(MRI)一直在不断发展，并 远远没有达到它的最终潜力。毫无疑问，MRI是最复杂的，但也是最丰富的 最通用的成像方法，因此需要系统的培训。尽管磁共振成像本质上是定量的，但它具有 作为放射科医生实践的定性成像技术，主要使用定性成像技术 确定诊断或排除疾病的标准。这种方法充满了问题，其主要限制是- 意境是结果的主观性，即对读者体验和判断的敏感性。不断增加的 医学上的许多问题需要对组织结构、生理和功能进行定量评估。 此外，对于许多诊断或分期问题，量化观察不仅仅是一个更好的选择 但定性的方法是完全不合适的。例如，血液流量和血流灌注量的测量。 光谱成像法和化学交换饱和转移法测定代谢物浓度 (CEST)，对非局灶性系统性疾病的评估，如退行性神经或代谢性骨骼 必须对某些结构或功能参数进行定量测量的疾病。超过了 多年来，随着新方法的不断出现，模式变得越来越复杂，提供了 对组织功能和新陈代谢的深入了解。近几年来，这一领域的发展和国际接轨。 针对包括分割和计算机在内的各种任务的高级机器学习方法 辅助诊断。要成功地参与这些发展，就需要针对具体情况进行深入的培训 为了使未来的科学家能够有效地使用无数数学工具来设计脉冲序列和 数据重建。将新方法从替补席上移植到临床上也同样重要和突出 作为NIH的关键优先事项之一。因此，培训过程需要多学科的，需要密切合作- 在各个子专业的MR物理学家、工程师、计算机科学家和医生之间进行交流。基本信息 理科实习生往往对医学问题的理解不完全，在翻译方面通常会有困难 向执业医生抽象技术概念。拟议的培训方案建立在主任的 较早的训练计划及其取得的训练成果的记录，显示了绝大多数前训练- 曾在工业领域担任过学术教授或高级研究职务。新计划建立在此基础上 成功的方案是提议培养四名核磁共振物理和工程方面的博士后候选人，按标准- 特别侧重于结构、生理和功能应用，为期两年。培训模式 包括口语、结构化教学和动手实验室培训相结合，并强调预科 接收器指导的研究。培训人员涵盖了多学科研究的广泛专业知识。 培训以及基础和翻译研究方面的卓越表现。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Since its inception nearly five decades ago, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has continued to evolve and is far from having reached its ultimate potential. MRI is unquestionably the most complex but also the richest and most versatile imaging method, therefore requiring systematic training. Although inherently quantitative, MRI has been used largely as a qualitative imaging technique practiced by radiologists utilizing predominantly qualitative criteria for establishing a diagnosis or excluding disease. This approach is fraught with problems, its main limi- tation being the subjective nature of the result, i.e. sensitivity to reader experience and judgment. An increasing number of problems in medicine require a quantitative assessment of tissue structure, physiology and function. Moreover, for many diagnostic or staging problems quantification of an observation is not merely a better option but the qualitative approach is entirely unsuited. Examples are measurement of blood flow and perfusion, quan- tification of metabolite concentration by spectroscopic imaging and chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST), the assessment of non-focal systemic disorders such as degenerative neurologic or metabolic bone disease where a quantitative measurement of some structural or functional parameter has to be made. Over the years the modality has become ever more complex with the ongoing emergence of new methodologies, providing increasingly detailed insight into tissue function and metabolism. Recent years saw the development and inte- gration of advanced machine learning approaches for a variety of tasks including segmentation and computer assisted diagnosis. Successful participation in these developments demands in-depth, modality-specific training to enable future scientists to effectively deploy the myriad of mathematical tools for pulse sequence design and data reconstruction. Translation of new methods from the bench to the clinic is equally important and highlighted as one of NIH’s key priorities. The training process therefore needs to be multidisciplinary, requiring close coop- eration among MR physicists, engineers, computer scientists and physicians in the various subspecialties. Basic science trainees often understand the medical problem incompletely and typically have difficulties in translating abstract technical concepts to the practicing physician. The proposed training program builds on the director’s earlier program and its record in terms of achieved training outcome, showing the large majority of former train- ees having attained academic faculty or senior research positions in industry. The new program builds on this successful formula by proposing to train four predoctoral candidates in MRI physics and engineering, with par- ticular focus on structural, physiologic and functional applications, for a period of two years. Training modalities involve a combination of colloquia, structured teaching and hands-on laboratory training, and emphasis on pre- ceptor-directed research. The training faculty covers a broad spectrum of expertise in multidisciplinary research training as well as basic and translational research excellence.