Infants' Understanding of Violations of Expectation: The Role of Social Agents and Repetition

项目摘要/摘要 目标：发展科学家经常使用违反期望(VOE)范式来 研究婴儿发展的两个方面：认知和社会情感。认知科学家发现 婴儿看声音，而社交情绪研究人员发现婴儿对声音微笑。除了冲突之外， 这些发现仍然是孤立的。双方还使用了不同的方法，表明调查结果可能是 方法论人工制品：认知研究人员向婴儿呈现语音，其中物体的行为似乎是 而社交情绪研究人员向婴儿展示了代理人与物体行为的声音。 前者可能会限制婴儿只看，因为事件超出了典型的知觉范围 经验，但已导致推断，婴儿有一种天生的自然法意识。这个项目将 合并这些询问路线，并将依赖测量扩展到包括行为、情感和 检查婴儿是否以及如何区分VOE的生理指标，对 关于早期认知和社会能力的知识。具体地说，该项目将向婴儿呈现VOE 来自认知文献，但使用涉及社会主体的社会-情感协议来呈现 (具体目标1)和重复(具体目标2)，这两个特征可能会解决这些问题 并解释婴儿是如何理解声音的。 设计和方法：在实验1中，6个月大的婴儿(N=60)将观察取自 文学(客体消失与客体转换；Baillarjo，1994a和Dunn&Bremner，2017) 哪个熟悉的物体(例如，球)表现为其自身的行为(非社会性)，或者代理与该物体一起行为 (社会性)采用2x2(社会性/非社会性条件x控制/VOE事件)混合析因设计。我们预计会有一个 互动效果中，婴儿表现出更多的微笑，更多地看着使用或不使用语音的声音 分别是社会主体。在实验2中，另一个6个月大的样本(N=60)也会观察到同样的情况 VOE及其对应的控制事件(在实验1中描述的S因子内)，但是随机的 被分配(介于-S的因素)到单次或重复曝光。我们预计会有更多的人对出现的誓言微笑 有重复(实验)，更多地看声音而不重复(对照)。在这两个实验中，我们 在社交/非社交和重复/单次曝光中，期望较小的外表比例和较大的微笑比例 条件分别为。在这两个实验中，心率减速被预测为证实了视觉注视 对于VOES和Mean(节拍/分钟)，HR减少/RSA增加与看和/或微笑有关。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Objectives: Developmental scientists frequently employ the Violation of Expectation (VOE) paradigm to investigate two areas of infant development: cognitive and social-emotional. Cognitive scientists find that infants look at VOEs, while social-emotional researchers find infants smile at VOEs. In addition to conflicting, these findings remain siloed. The two sides also employ different methods suggesting the findings may be methodological artifacts: cognitive researchers present infants with VOEs in which objects appear to behave by themselves, while social-emotion researchers present infants with VOEs in which agents behave with objects. The former may restrict infants to looking simply because the events are out of the range of typical perceptual experience, yet have led to the inference that infants have an innate sense of natural laws. This project will merge these lines of inquiry and extend the dependent measures to include behavioral, affective, and physiological metrics to examine if and how infants distinguish between VOEs, contributing important knowledge about early cognitive and social capacities. Specifically, the project will present infants with VOEs from the cognitive literature but presented using the social-emotional protocol that involves social agents (Specific Aim #1) and repetition (Specific Aim #2), two features that may resolve these problematic discrepancies and explain how infants make sense of VOEs. Design and Methods: In experiment #1, 6-month-olds (N=60) will observe two VOEs taken from the literature (object disappearance & object switch; Baillargeon, 1994a & Dunn & Bremner, 2017, respectively) in which a familiar object (e.g., ball) appears to behave by itself (asocial) or an agent behaves with the object (social) in a 2x2 (social/asocial condition x control/VOE event) mixed factorial design. We expect an interaction effect in which infants exhibit more smiling vs. ,more looking at VOEs performed with or without a social agent, respectively. In experiment #2, another sample of 6-month-olds (N=60) will observe the same VOEs and their corresponding control events (within-s’s factor) as described in experiment #1 but be randomly assigned (between-s’s factor) to single or repeated exposure. We predict more smiling toward VOEs presented with repetition (experimental), and more looking at VOEs without repetition (control). In both experiments we expect smaller ratio of looking and larger ratio of smiling in the social/asocial and repetition/single-exposure conditions, respectively. In both experiments heart rate deceleration is predicted to corroborate visual fixation to VOEs and mean (beats/minute) HR decreases/RSA increases in conjunction with looking and/or smiling.