Assessing the interactive effect of lifetime and old age cognitive engagement on cognitive decline and dementia: cognitive reserve versus use it or lose it

项目摘要 这个项目将研究终身认知参与的长期影响， 老年人的认知参与，以及终身认知参与对那些短期认知参与的中介作用。 长期影响。这项研究将通过使用来自大型、纵向但复杂的 健康和退休研究（HRS），包括其补充，如消费和活动邮件 调查（CAMS），参与者生活方式问卷（PLQ）和生活史邮件调查（LHMS）。到 利用这些数据，我们将创建认知参与的测量方法，并建立一个统计模型， 联合估计长期关联和短期影响。我们的分析结果将有助于评估 认知参与对生命过程的长期影响的重要性，通过以下机制： 认知储备，以及老年人认知参与的短期影响，通过“使用它或失去它”， 它”。我们将开发认知参与的衡量标准，定义为人们使用大脑的程度， 一系列跨越他们一生的主题。为了测量年轻人和中年人的认知参与度， 年龄，我们将使用完整和协调的教育和就业的历史和详细的描述 包括认知和社会任务要求的工作。为了测量老年人的认知参与度， 年龄，我们将使用许多变量的工作和非工作活动，分散在不同的部分， 调查，并提供给不同的子集的答卷人。我们将补充以活动为基础的措施 通过一种基于对认知要求高的调查问题的反应模式的新方法，例如不要 了解响应、全面和粗略的值响应、响应的纵向变化以及其他方面 回应风格所有这些措施都利用了关于人们与现有的 认知参与的措施，基于教育程度或自我的概括措施， 关于喜欢从事认知要求高的活动的报告。我们的措施将使我们能够分析如何 终身认知参与预测老年认知参与的人际差异以及如何 健康、功能限制和抑郁可能与这些影响混淆或相互作用。的成果 分析将加强我们对认知储备在塑造认知能力方面可能发挥的复杂作用的理解。 衰老和老年痴呆。

Project Summary This project will examine the long-term effects of lifetime cognitive engagement, the short-term effects of cognitive engagement in old age, and the mediating effect of lifetime cognitive engagement on those short- term effects. This examination will be made possible by using rich data from the large, longitudinal but complex Health and Retirement Study (HRS), including its supplements such as the Consumption and Activities Mail Survey (CAMS), the Participant Lifestyle Questionnaire (PLQ), and the Life History Mail Survey (LHMS). To make use of the data we will create measures of cognitive engagement and build a statistical model that can jointly estimate long-term associations and short-term effects. The results of our analysis will help assess the importance of the long-term effects of cognitive engagement over the life course, through the mechanism of cognitive reserve, and the shorter term effects of cognitive engagement at older ages, through “use-it-or-lose- it”. We will develop measures of cognitive engagement, defined as the extent to which people use their brains, for a large set of subjects spanning their entire lives. To measure cognitive engagement in young and middle ages, we will use complete and harmonized histories of education and employment and detailed descriptions of jobs that include requirements of cognitive and social tasks. To measure cognitive engagement in older ages, we will use many variables on work and non-work activities, scattered around different parts of the survey and available for different subsets of the respondents. We will complement the activity-based measures by a novel measure based on response patterns to cognitively demanding survey questions, such as don't know responses, rounded and crude value responses, longitudinal variation of responses, and other aspects of response style. All of these measures make use of information on what people do in contrast with existing measures of cognitive engagement that are based on summary measures of educational attainment or self- reports about liking to engage in cognitively demanding activities. Our measures will allow us to analyze how lifetime cognitive engagement predicts interpersonal differences in cognitive engagement in old age and how health, functional limitations and depression may confound or interact with such effects. The results of our analysis will enhance our understanding of the complex role cognitive reserve may play in shaping cognitive decline and dementia in old age.