Processed Food Intake, Metabolomics, and Adiposity

在过去的40年里，超重和肥胖一直在增加，而超重和肥胖之间的联系 体重和冠心病、2型糖尿病(T2D)和过早死亡。伴随而来的是，由于 S，食品杂货店货架上出现的加工食品的数量和快餐的数量 美国的美食店增长了200%以上。高度加工或超加工食品(UPF)，富含 添加糖、脂肪、钠和添加剂，占美国成年人消耗的能量的55%以上。这些 在几项研究中，食物也与肥胖有关，但与心脏代谢结果无关。更好地理解 加工食品在肥胖和慢性疾病的发展中所起的作用需要有良好的特征， 关于生活方式、临床结果、客观生物标记物和饮食重复测量的纵向数据 使用具有足够详细信息的问卷来正确地按加工水平对食物进行分类。《冠脉》 青年动脉风险发展(CARDIA)研究是唯一适合研究长期高血压影响的研究 摄入加工食品对肥胖、心脏代谢风险和T2D的代谢和发展的影响 基线年龄为18-30岁(1985-86年)的大型混血儿队列中的生命历程。这项建议的目的是 在母体CARDIA中进行一项关于加工食品摄入量、代谢组学和肥胖的辅助研究 35年考试：通过CT扫描和代谢物来评估饮食摄入量和测量脂肪组织储备 3,270名黑人和白人男性和女性的标记。中心假设是，重复测量 从UPF和相关代谢物的能量摄入(和其他营养物质)可以预测肥胖、肥胖、 3,270名黑人和白人男性和女性的心脏代谢风险和T2D。核心假说将得到检验 通过追求三个具体目标：1)检查选定营养素(能量、添加糖、脂肪、纤维、 其他)在35年的4次检查中来自UPF，2)以确定重复测量的关联 在4次检查中从UPF摄入的能量和其他营养物质在肥胖、脂肪组织库、 心脏代谢危险因素和T2D风险；以及3)检查与以下因素相关的代谢物的变化 UPFS及其与体重变化、脂肪组织储备、心脏代谢因素和高血压风险的关系 T2D。生物途径将根据与饮食摄入量和肥胖相关的代谢物图谱来确定- 相关和T2D结果。这项拟议的研究意义重大，因为有必要了解长期的- UPF摄入量与肥胖的术语关联及其病理相关性。其结果将具有重要的意义 影响，因为我们的发现1)可能会挑战和澄清当前的饮食政策--不仅要考虑营养 和食品群体消费，也包括食品加工和/或食品配方，以实现健康饮食 模式，以及2)可以通过限制或改变类型来挑战食品制造商改变食品配方 和/或成分的量，从而降低出现某些新陈代谢状况的可能性。

Overweight and obesity have been increasing over the four past decades with linkage between excess body weight and coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and premature death. Concomitantly, since the 1950’s, the number of processed food products appearing on grocery store shelves and the number of fast food restaurants in the US increased over 200%. Highly processed or ultra-processed foods (UPFs), rich in added sugar, fat, sodium, and additives, contributed over 55% of energy consumed by U.S. adults. These foods were also related to obesity in several studies, but not cardiometabolic outcomes. Better understanding of the role processed food plays in the development of obesity and chronic disease requires well characterized, longitudinal data about lifestyle, clinical outcomes, objective biomarkers, and repeated measures of dietary intake using a questionnaire with sufficient detail to correctly classify foods by processing level. The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study is uniquely suited to study the impact of long-term processed food intake on metabolism and development of obesity, cardiometabolic risk, and T2D across the life course in a large biracial cohort age 18-30 years at baseline (1985-86). The objective of this proposal is to conduct an ancillary study about processed food intake, metabolomics, and adiposity in the parent CARDIA year 35 exam: to assess dietary intake and measure adipose tissue depots by CT scan and metabolite markers in 3,270 black and white men and women. The central hypothesis is that repeated measures of energy intake (and other nutrients) from UPFs and related metabolite profiles predict obesity, adiposity, cardiometabolic risk, and T2D in 3,270 black and white men and women. The central hypothesis will be tested by pursuing three specific aims: 1) to examine intake of selected nutrients (energy, added sugar, fat, fiber, others) from UPFs at 4 examinations over 35 years, 2) to determine associations of repeated measures of energy and other nutrient intakes from UPFs at 4 exams with change in obesity, adipose tissue depots, cardiometabolic risk factors, and risk of T2D; and 3) to examine change in metabolite profiles associated with UPFs and their relationship to changes in weight, adipose tissue depots, cardiometabolic factors and risk of T2D. Biologic pathways will be identified based on metabolite profiles related to dietary intake and obesity- related and T2D outcomes. The proposed research is significant, because there is a need to know the long- term association of UPF intake with obesity and its pathologic correlates. The results will have an important impact because our findings 1) may challenge and clarify current diet policies - to consider not only nutrient and food group consumption, but also food processing and/or the formulation of food for a healthy eating pattern, and 2) may challenge food manufacturers to change food formulations by limiting or changing the type and/or amount of ingredients, thereby reducing the potential for developing some metabolic conditions.