Integrating SOil Biodiversity to Ecosystem Services: testing cost-effectiveness of soil indicators to build better land management solutions that effectively implement the soil health and food mission

欧盟土壤战略的目标是，到2050年，欧盟所有土壤都是健康的。然而，缺乏关于土壤生物多样性、生态系统功能和生态系统服务的成本效益指标，也缺乏恢复土壤健康的成本效益措施。SOB 4 ES将通过以下方式为欧洲土壤交易的使命做出贡献：（1）阐明土壤生物多样性、生态系统功能和主要土地利用和土地利用强度变化的服务;（2）测试土壤生物多样性、生态系统功能和服务的现有指标的成本效益;（3）评估政策激励措施如何加强土壤系统和土壤健康的保护、可持续管理和恢复。SOB 4 ES侧重于九个主要的土壤气候（土壤类型-气候）区域和土地利用，包括城市、农业、森林、（半）自然、湿地、旱地、工业和采矿环境的土壤，将涵盖最相关的欧盟气候-土壤类型-土地利用条件。SOB 4 ES将进一步发展生态系统状况制图和评估方法。在农业土地使用方面，将把设想的可持续农业做法与传统的高投入-产出做法进行比较。最终，SOB 4 Es将为土壤生物多样性和生态系统服务提供经过充分验证的适用指标，用于政策评估，用于欧盟范围内从实地到景观水平的土壤健康监测。SOB 4 ES还将通过先进的基于人工智能的机器学习方法，分析土壤生物多样性网络与地上生物多样性和生态系统服务的关系，并将监测规模扩大到遥感应用。最后，SOB 4 ES将支持LUCAS和SoilBON等大规模欧洲调查更有效地采用指标，并促进欧盟观测组织仪表板和国家土壤监测方案的制定。

The aim of the EU Soil Strategy is that by 2050 all soils in the EU are healthy. However, cost-effective indicators for soil biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and ecosystem services are missing, and so are cost-effective measures for restoring soil health. SOB4ES will contribute to the Mission A Soil Deal for Europe by: (1) elucidating soil biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and services for major land uses and land use intensity changes; (2) testing cost-effectiveness of existing indicators for soil biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and services; and, (3) evaluating how policy incentives may enhance protection, sustainable management and restoration of soil systems and soil health. By focusing on nine major pedoclimatic (soil type-climate) regions and land uses, including soils from urban, agriculture, forest, (semi)-natural, wetlands, drylands, industrial and mining environments, SOB4ES will cover most relevant EU climate-soil type-land use conditions. SOB4ES will further develop the mapping and assessment of ecosystem conditions (MAES) approach. For agricultural land uses, envisaged sustainable agricultural practices will be compared with conventional high input-output practices. Ultimately, SOB4Es will deliver well-validated and applicable indicatorsforsoil biodiversity and ecosystem servicesfor policy evaluation to be used in EU-wide soil health monitoring from the field to the landscape level. SOB4ES will also analyse how networks of soil biodiversity relate to aboveground biodiversity and ecosystem services by advanced artificial intelligence-based machine learning approaches, and scale monitoring up to being applied by remote sensing. Finally, SOB4ES will support a more effective adoption of indicators by large-scale European surveys, such as LUCAS and SoilBON and contribute to the development of the EUSO dashboard and national soil monitoring programmes.