DETERMINANTS OF NONSIMILARITY-BASED CATEGORIZATION

感知相似性模型很容易解释基本层次的分类。 这些模型提出，在一个类别中， 通过初级刺激泛化将样例转移给他人。的 作为所有真正“概念”的基础的知觉相似性的不足 行为被注意到。例如，高级概念范畴通常 联合收割机基本级别的类别， 在感知上彼此非常不同。拟议的研究审查 介导的泛化和联想机制， 高级分类 本提案中的实验使用三步程序， 检查基于非相似性的分类。在一项典型研究中， 来自两个基本级别类别（C1和C2）的不同样本， 与一个共同的反应（R1）和来自两个不同的样本相关 其他基本级别类别（C3和C4）与另一个 在原始训练中的响应（R2）。在重新分配训练中， 来自C1和C3的与新的反应相关（R3和R4， C2和C4的样本被扣留。在最后的测试中 阶段，对来自C1，C2， C3和C4如果C1/C2和C3/C4结合到 在训练的第一步中使用上位范畴，然后是主题 应该主要使R3成为C2样本，R4成为C4样本 范例这一结果得到了。 拟议的研究将审查经验和理论问题 关于中介概括和上位联想 使用三步程序进行分类。上位概念的 类别是开放集合。例如，“家具”这个词就不是 只为我们自己家里熟悉的灯和椅子保留，但它 也应用在我们第一次见到的灯具和椅子上。实验 1和2的这一建议审查是否上级类别创建 三步程序也是开集。新的转移试验 从组件基本级别类别中提取的样本将添加到 基础研究设计如果获得，将原始培训转移到新培训 样本和从新样本到原始训练集的转移 我将证明，在原始语言中创建的上位范畴， 训练的三个步骤确实是，开放集。 另一个要解决的问题（在实验3至7中）涉及 培训类型，可能会将不同的基本级别类别绑定到 一个高级范畴。待审查的备选方案包括 关联：常见的强化延迟，强化时间表， 情境刺激、空间位置和时间邻近性。的 这些研究建立的经验基础将提供更大的视角 关于调解在调解中的作用的理论 高级概念范畴的形成。

Perceptual similarity models readily explain basic-level categorization. These models propose that, within a category, responses learned to one exemplar transfer to others through primary stimulus generalization. The inadequacy of perceptual similarity as the basis of all truly "conceptual" behavior is noted. Superordinate conceptual categories, for example, often combine basic-level categories encompassing exemplars which are perceptually very different from one another. The proposed studies examine mediated generalization and association as mechanisms of such superordinate categorization. The experiments in the present proposal use a three-step procedure to examine nonsimilarity-based categorization. In a paradigmatic study, diverse exemplars from two basic-level categories (C1 and C2) were associated with one common response (R1) and diverse exemplars from two other basic-level categories (C3 and C4) were associated with another response (R2) in original training. In reassignment training, exemplars from C1 and C3 were associated with new responses (R3 and R4, respectively) and exemplars from C2 and C4 were withheld. In a final test phase, performance of R3 vs. R4 was measured to the exemplars from C1, C2, C3, and C4. If the C1/C2 and C3/C4 combinations were bound into superordinate categories in the first step of training, then subjects should predominately make R3 to the C2 exemplars and R4 to the C4 exemplars. This result was obtained. The proposed studies will examine empirical and theoretical issues concerning mediated generalization and association in superordinate categorization using the three-step procedure. Superordinate conceptual categories are open sets. The word "furniture," for example, is not reserved solely for the familiar lamps and chairs of our own homes, but it is also applied to lamps and chairs we see for the first time. Experiments 1 and 2 of this proposal examine whether superordinate categories created by the three-step procedure are also open sets. Transfer tests with novel exemplars drawn from the component basic-level categories are added to the basic research design. If obtained, transfer of original training to novel exemplars and transfer from novel exemplars to the original training sets will demonstrate that the superordinate categories created in original training of the three-step procedure are indeed, open sets. Another issue to be addressed (in Experiments 3 through 7) concerns the types of training which might bind disparate basic-level categories into one superordinate category. Among the alternatives to be examined are association with: a common delay to reinforcement, reinforcement schedule, contextual stimulus, spatial location, and temporal contiguity. The empirical base established by these studies will give greater perspective on the theories to be considered in of the role of mediation in the formation of superordinate conceptual categories.