TRAIT MARKER FOR PANIC DISORDER

描述(申请人摘要)：根据确凿的证据， 窒息警报的异常阈值是恐慌症的基础。这 该项目旨在确定这种异常是否表现为恐慌 吸入二氧化碳后的发作，构成了 恐慌症。下面描述了测试两者的高风险范例 敏感性和特异性。该项目还寻求完善 用于识别有意义的超敏反应的定义和阈值 并探讨这种超敏反应与病态之间的关系 童年分离焦虑症。最后，它将评估两国关系 在二氧化碳过敏症、病态儿童分离焦虑之间 敏感度。因此，它将致力于病因学理论的综合。 从未患病的受试者将按家族史分组，以产生高水平的 患恐慌症的风险22人，情感障碍的高危人群22人， 这两种疾病的风险都很高。另外两组从未患病的受试者 将通过在门诊设施就诊的患病先证者进行识别；33 会有一个患有原发性抑郁症并伴有恐慌症的先证者 22名先证者将患有惊恐障碍，并伴有继发性 抑郁症。所有高危受试者都将接受结构化诊断 面谈和二氧化碳吸入测试。此外，对于每个高风险 主题，定义谱系的患病家庭成员将接受采访 直接去吧。根据预测，恐慌症发作只会发生在 有自主性恐慌症家族史的受试者。此外，一个 对二氧化碳吸入的超敏反应与 病态的童年分离焦虑史。 评分员将使用简短的电话与受试者保持年度联系 采访。如果这项研究的预测是持续的，后续的努力 将致力于延长后续行动期，并向 最终，为期十年的诊断重新评估。

DESCRIPTION (Applicant's Abstract): According to substantial evidence, an abnormal threshold for suffocation alarm underlies panic disorder. This project aims to determine whether this abnormality, as manifested in panic attacks following carbon dioxide inhalation, constitutes a trait marker for panic disorder. The following describes a high-risk paradigm to test both sensitivity and specificity. The project also seeks to refine the definitions and thresholds used to identify meaningful hypersensitivity to CO2 and to explore relationships between such hypersensitivity and morbid childhood separation anxiety. Finally, it will assess the relationship between CO2 hypersensitivity, morbid childhood separation anxiety sensitivity. It will thus work toward a synthesis of etiological theories. Never-ill subjects will be grouped by family history to yield 64 at high risk for panic disorder, 22 at high risk for affective disorder and 22 at high risk for neither disorder. Another two groups of never-ill subjects will be identified through ill probands attending an outpatient facility; 33 will have a proband with primary depression complicated by panic attacks and 22 will have a proband with panic disorder complicated by secondary depression. All high-risk subjects will undergo structured diagnostic interviews and a CO2 inhalation test. In addition, for each high-risk subject, the ill family member who defines the pedigree will be interviewed directly. According to predictions, panic attacks will occur only among subjects with a family history of autonomous panic disorder. Moreover, a relationship will emerge between hypersensitivity to CO2 inhalation and a history of morbid childhood separation anxiety. Raters will maintain annual contact with subjects using brief telephone interviews. If the study's predictions are sustained, subsequent efforts will be directed toward lengthening the follow-up period and toward an eventual, ten-year diagnostic reassessment.