MEMORY, LANGUAGE, CULTURE

描述(改编自调查人员摘要)：一篇常见的轶事报道 老年人的一大特点是他们会记住当他们 比最近的事件更年轻。当这种常态的逆转 单调保持功能被仔细检查，无论是通过请求生命 故事或通过用文字治愈个人的自传式记忆，更古老 成年人确实会记住更多他们在10到30岁时发生的事情。 这种“凹凸不平”的现象是少有的衰老认知效应之一。 性能的下降。它有许多解释都拒绝被认为是 使用认知心理学的标准技术被戏弄。但是，由 考察那些在生活中的不同阶段迁徙、改变的人 语言、文化和环境，我们建议将 解释一下。自传体记忆的一个核心方面是语言，但 很少有研究考察记忆或任何类型的话语是否更容易 以其编码所用的语言检索。然而，对年轻一代的一些研究 成人心理治疗的临床资料及反思 年龄较大的双语者表明是这样的。通过检查人们的记忆 在不同时期迁移并学习第二语言的人(以及那些 没有同时迁移或学习两种语言，或者只懂一种语言 语言)，我们可以考察这样的问题。因为很多老年人都是 双语者改变了他们在语言方面的相对能力 他们的寿命，甚至更多的人进行了重大迁徙，这项工作已经 对语言和记忆本质的实践兴趣和理论兴趣 在成人发育过程中。任务包括一段叙述和一段文字提示 自传体记忆程序和双语语言评估。 招募来帮助分离影响的参与人群包括成年人 移民到美国盎格鲁或拉美裔社区的西班牙裔美国人，波兰人 在丹麦获得庇护的人，单语非移民对照组， 以及在美国境内移民到非退休年龄的只会说一种语言的老年人 社区、按年龄划分的退休社区和长期护理 设施。

Description (adapted from investigator's abstract): A common anecdotal report of older adults is that they remember events that occurred when they were younger better than more recent events. When this reversal of a normal monotonic retention function is examined carefully, either by asking for life stories or by curing individual autobiographical memories with words, older adults do indeed remember more events from when they were 10 to 30 years old. This "bump" phenomenon is one of the few cognitive effects of aging that is not a decrement in performance. It has many explanations that have resisted being teased apart using standard techniques of cognitive psychology. However, by examining people who migrated at various points in their lives, changing language, culture, and environment, we propose to separate classes of explanations. A central aspect of autobiographical memory is language, yet little work has examined whether memory, or discourse of any kind, is easier to retrieve in the language in which it was encoded. Yet a few studies with young adults, clinical data from psychotherapeutic treatment, and the introspections of older bilinguals indicate that it is. By examining the memories of people who migrated and learned a second language at different times (and those who did not migrate or learned both languages simultaneously, or know only one language), we can examine such questions. Since many older adults are bilinguals who have changed their relative competence in their languages over their lifespans, and even more have made major migrations, this work has practical as well as theoretical interest for the nature of language and memory in adult development. Tasks include a narrative and a word-cued autobiographical memory procedure, and a bilingual language assessment. Participant populations recruited to help separate effects include adult Hispanics who migrated to either Anglo or Hispanic communities in the US, Poles who were granted asylum in Denmark, monolingual non-migrating matched controls, and older monolingual adults who migrated within the US to non-retirement communities, age segregated retirement communities, and long-term care facilities.