Community Policing in Scotland

合作伙伴：苏格兰犯罪和司法研究中心（SCCJR）苏格兰警务研究所（SIPR）洛锡安和边境警察（LBP）KT团队：Simon Mackenzie， SCCJR （KT研究员）Alistair Henry， sipr顾问：Nick Fyfe， sipr主任richard Sparks， sccjj主任jon Bannister， SCCJR“社区警务”一词涵盖了各种不同的实践模式。就社区警务的公众经验而言，该策略的共同要素往往是：警察步行巡逻而不是车辆巡逻；警察出席的社区会议；被派往某一社区负责该地区的巡警，他们将成为该地区社区关系的联络人；解决当地问题的方法，通常与其他公共服务机构合作，试图找到当地问题的根源，而不是简单地通过逮捕个别罪犯来应对犯罪。因此，社区警务是一种不同于更常见的“反应”或“消防队”警务模式的模式，在这种模式下，警察应要求提供服务。社区警务是苏格兰警方提供的服务的一部分，但他们仍然主要以应对为导向。然而，苏格兰警方确实认识到社区警务在其他司法管辖区取得的重大成功和公众的欢迎程度，并在确定比较模式的最佳实践的基础上，正朝着扩大社区警务的提供而努力。这个知识转移项目涉及学术犯罪学家与爱丁堡市社区警察及其高级官员合作，以确定和发展苏格兰社区警务的未来方向。该方案包括一系列讲习班，其成果将在苏格兰警察部队以及全英国和国际范围内传播。这些讲习班将包括：讨论当前苏格兰社区警务实践，包括实施困难。探索社区警务的概念基础，以及该概念如何在比较司法管辖区转化为实践（包括识别社区警务概念解释中的歧义，以及发展对苏格兰背景下核心重要性的关注，这将有助于协商这些歧义）。试图解开和解决目前苏格兰社区警务中已知的问题。识别不为人所知的问题，并探索这些问题的可能解决方案。在苏格兰警方和其他地方传播讲习班的主要成果。社区警务如果执行有效，可以产生相当大的社会效益。这些措施包括减少犯罪、混乱和反社会行为；增加市民的安全感；改善警察与社区的关系；改进地方议会、警察和其他机构联合解决社区问题的办法；大大增加了社区成员参与影响警务议程的机会，以满足他们所确定的社区需要。斯科根（2004）对芝加哥社区警务战略的十年评估中捕捉到了该项目的转型潜力，该战略“旨在实现转型：也就是说，它旨在改变整个部门甚至市政府开展业务的方式……它将解决问题的责任融入到警察的日常工作中，并使他们融入社会。它建立了一种机制，通过这种机制，公众可以影响和监督他们所在社区的警察的工作。社区警务非常受公众欢迎，已经成为芝加哥人期待警察服务的常规方式。”

Partners: The Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research (SCCJR)The Scottish Institute for Policing Research (SIPR)Lothian and Borders Police (LBP)KT team:Simon Mackenzie, SCCJR (KT Fellow)Alistair Henry, SIPRAdvisers:Nick Fyfe, Director, SIPRRichard Sparks, Director, SCCJRJon Bannister, SCCJRThe term 'community policing' covers a variety of different models of practice. In terms of the public experience of community policing, the common elements of the strategy tend to be: police foot patrols rather than vehicle patrols; community meetings attended by the police; beat officers who are assigned to a neighbourhood, who have responsibility for that area, and will be a point of contact for community relations in the area; and a problem-solving approach to local issues, often in partnership with other public services, which attempts to get to the root of local problems rather than simply responding to crime by arresting individual offenders.Community policing is therefore a model distinct from the more usual 'response' or 'fire-brigade' policing whereby the police answer calls for service. Community policing is part of the service the police offer in Scotland, but they are still predominantly response-oriented. Scotland's forces do, however, recognise the significant successes and public popularity of community policing in other jurisdictions, and are moving towards expanding their provision of community policing, based on an identification of best practice in comparative models. This knowledge transfer project involves academic criminologists working with the City of Edinburgh community police and their senior officers to identify and develop future directions for community policing in Scotland. The programme consists of a series of workshops, the results of which will be disseminated across Scotland's police forces, as well as UK-wide and internationally. These workshops will involve:1. discussions of current community policing practice in Scotland, including implementation difficulties2. exploration of the conceptual basis of community policing, and how the concept has been turned into practice in comparative jurisdictions (including identification of ambiguities in interpretation of the idea of community policing, and development of a focus on what is of core importance in the Scottish context, which will help in negotiating these ambiguities)3. attempts to unravel and resolve current known problems in community policing in Scotland4. identification of problems which are not widely known, and explorations of possible solutions to these problems5. dissemination of key outcomes of the workshops throughout Scotland's police, and beyond. Community policing if performed effectively can have considerable social benefits. These include reductions in crime, disorder and anti-social behaviour; increasing feelings of safety among members of the public; improvements in police-community relations; improvements in joined-up problem-solving approaches to neighbourhood problems between local councils, the police, and other agencies; and greatly increased opportunities for community members to become involved in influencing the policing agenda to meet their identified neighbourhood needs. The transformational potential of the project is captured in Skogan's (2004) ten- year evaluation of Chicago's community policing strategy, which 'was intended to be transformational: that is, it was designed to change the way in which the entire department and even city government did its business... it weaves responsibility for problem solving into the daily routine of beat officers and integrates them into the fabric of the community. It created a mechanism by which the public can influence and monitor the work of officers in their neighbourhood... immensely popular with the public, community policing has become the routine way in which Chicagoans expect police services to be delivered.'