Writing Galicia in/to the World: New Cartographies, New Poetics

推动这项研究的问题是如何理解和代表加利西亚和加利西亚文字在世界上的问题，当它可能会被认为是所有的文字超越国界，但国家模式-特别是在非国家文化，如加利西亚-仍然像以往一样引人注目。它认为加利西亚与世界其他地区的关系是复杂的，一方面，加利西亚文学作为一个主要的文学（在德勒兹和瓜塔里的术语），另一方面，加利西亚仍然是西班牙国家的一部分，其国家地位有争议，因此-在国家背景下-次要的。另一个复杂的因素是，由于加利西亚长期以来的移民传统，加利西亚人提供了不成比例的西班牙侨民-他们占西班牙总人口的6%，但在国外的西班牙人中占27%-在许多地方，他们是西班牙的公众形象：在一些拉丁美洲国家，所有外籍西班牙人都被称为“gallegos”。移民到拉丁美洲被认为在现代加利西亚身份的构建中发挥了至关重要的作用;在2005年夏季加利西亚选举中关于移民投票的争议中，它继续提高的真实的政治风险变得非常明显。这项研究认为，压倒性的重点与西班牙和拉丁美洲的关系，在加利西亚的移民研究和加利西亚文化理论导致了一个僵局，既加强了加利西亚的“未成年人”的立场与西班牙和永久化的西班牙裔世界的殖民结构。寻求开发一个替代框架来理解加利西亚和加利西亚语写作的世界，它需要作为其案例研究的作品从鲜为人知的，但动态的语料库的创造性的文本出现从加利西亚和英语世界之间的“新浪潮”自20世纪70年代以来，其中大部分是在1999年以来的十年出版。至关重要的是，这个语料库不仅包括在国外生活和旅行的加利西亚人的作品，而且还包括其他国家的公民的作品，对他们来说，加利西亚语是一种创造性语言。正在讨论的作家包括：Ramiro Fonte、Xesús Fraga、Isaac Díaz Pardo、卡洛斯Durán、Almudena Solana、Manuel里瓦斯、Xelís de Toro、John Rutherford、James R Salter、Xavier Queipo和Erin Eine。这项研究是基于理论分析和密切的阅读相结合，这是必不可少的，因为大多数的分析作家都熟悉有关语言，民族，文化和身份的批评和理论论点，这往往是他们的工作的基本关注。无论是整体的理论框架和个人的阅读建立在（后殖民）理论，寻求重新定位的文化身份及其位置的讨论从固定的本质到动态的过程。我敏锐地意识到，将英语和法语理论应用于加利西亚案例是有问题的（尤其是因为加利西亚作为一个后殖民国家的自我认同，出于许多原因，是一个有争议的问题）;因此，我的意图并不是要把对加利西亚文本和语境的讨论从属于特定的理论范式，而是利用一系列批评文献的见解来开发探索这些文本和背景的新方法。我特别关注以下重要的共同点，使这是一个富有成效的过程：语言的关键作用，位移和deterritorialisation的重要性，与反本质主义的关注，民族主义或（广义上）西方文化模式的批判，文化在政治制度的情况下发挥的核心作用。

The problem that drives this study is the question of how to understand and represent Galicia and Galician writing in the world at a time when it might be argued that all writing exceeds national boundaries, and yet national models - especially in non-state cultures such as Galicia - remain as compelling as ever. It argues that Galicia's relationship with the rest of the world is complicated, in that while on the one hand, Galician literature operates as a major literature (in Deleuze & Guattari's terms), on the other, Galicia remains a part of the Spanish state whose nationhood is disputed, and therefore - in the state context - minor. A further complicating factor is that due to Galicia's longstanding tradition of emigration, Galicians provide such a disproportionate number of Spanish expatriates - they make up 6% of the total Spanish population, but 27% of Spaniards abroad - that in many places they are the public face of Spain: in several Latin American countries all expatriate Spaniards are referred to as 'gallegos'. Emigration to Latin America is acknowledged to have played a crucial role in the construction of modern Galician identity; the very real political stakes it continues to raise became all too evident during the controversy over the emigrant vote in the Galician elections of Summer 2005. This study argues that the overwhelming focus on the relationship with Spain and Latin America in both Galician studies of emigration and Galician cultural theory has led to an impasse that both reinforces Galicia's 'minor' position with relation to Spain and perpetuates the colonial structures of the Hispanic world. Seeking to develop an alternative framework for understanding Galicia and Galician writing in the world, it takes as its case study a selection of works from the little-known but dynamic corpus of creative texts emerging from the 'new wave' of migration between Galicia and the Anglophone world since the 1970s, most of them published in the decade since 1999. Crucially, this corpus includes not only work by Galicians living and travelling abroad, but by citizens of other countries for whom Galician is a creative language. Writers under discussion include: Ramiro Fonte, Xesús Fraga, Isaac Díaz Pardo, Carlos Durán, Almudena Solana, Manuel Rivas, Xelís de Toro, John Rutherford, James R Salter, Xavier Queipo and Erin Moure. The study is based on a combination of theoretical analysis and close reading, which is essential given that the majority of the writers under analysis are familiar with critical and theoretical arguments about language, nation, culture and identity, and this is often a fundamental concern of their work. Both the overall theoretical framework and individual readings build on (postcolonial) theories that seek to reorient discussions of cultural identity and its location(s) from fixed essences to dynamic processes. I am acutely aware that the application of Anglophone and Francophone theory to the Galician case is problematic (not least because Galicia's self-identification as a postcolonial nation is, for many reasons, a matter of debate); my intention is thus not to subordinate discussion of Galician texts and contexts to particular theoretical paradigms, but rather to use insights from a range of critical literatures to develop novel ways of exploring these texts and contexts. I focus in particular on the following important points of concurrence that make this a fruitful process: the crucial role of language, the importance of displacement and deterritorialisation, a concern with anti-essentialism, the critique of nationalist or (broadly) Western cultural models, and the central role played by culture in the absence of political institutions.