Publication and Dissemination of The Fallow Deer Project

参观任何庄严的家，在某个地方，你很可能会发现一群欧洲休闲鹿(Dama)。毫无疑问，它们是优雅和标志性的景象，也是自然史上的谜团之一，因为尽管它们的现代分布，尽管它们的名字，欧洲休闲鹿不是来自欧洲：它们原产于安纳托利亚，在那里该物种在上一次冰河时代(约40,000-10,000年前)受到限制。从考古文物、图像和动物遗骸本身可以清楚地看出，D.D.Dama从安纳托利亚传播完全是由于人类的运输，休闲鹿在每个负责它们迁徙的社会中都拥有独特的半国内地位：例如巴尔干新石器时代、青铜时代的爱琴海(迈锡尼人和米诺斯人)、铁器时代的希腊和高卢，以及罗马帝国、拜占庭帝国和诺曼帝国。更不透明的问题是，什么时候、以多快的速度、通过什么机制，以及最重要的是，为什么休闲鹿被运出它们的家园。为了解决这些问题，从而获得对过去人类迁徙、贸易和社会意识形态模式的重要见解，我进行了一个为期两年的跨学科项目，研究休闲鹿的自然/社会历史。该项目的结果挑战了关于该物种的“公认智慧”，并对其在公元前4500年至公元1450年之间的欧洲文化中所扮演的角色提供了更细微的评价。研究假旨在通过以下成果使研究人员、学生和公众意识到这些结果：1)Sykes、Baker、Hoelzel、Masseti和Vernasi重写休闲鹿的自然历史：来自古代DNA的新见解‘，考古科学杂志。该项目已经产生了新的古代DNA结果，挑战了关于该物种进化生物学的既定信念。这篇论文将使用现代休闲鹿种群的证据来说明这些结果。2)赛克斯，《欧洲休闲鹿的起源和传播》，《哺乳动物评论》。这篇文章将根据欧洲和近东的动物考古学记录，提出一个关于休闲鹿(以及人类)迁徙的改进模型。3)赛克斯和库伦，《盎格鲁-撒克逊英格兰的鹿和鹿的狩猎：来自动物考古学和地名的证据》，《古董杂志》。本文将纠正最近在学术文献中流传的关于休闲鹿自然/社会历史的错误信息。4)在该项目期间收集的数据将在该项目现有网站的最新版本上公布。这将是动物考古研究人员的重要资源。赛克斯，《仪式和遗迹：公元前4500年至公元1450年欧洲休闲鹿的文化意义》，环境考古学。休闲鹿既是活的动物，也是身体的组成部分，已经融入了社会和宗教认同的表达中。本文将探讨这些行为的机制和动机。赛克斯，《罗马不列颠狩猎保护区的存在及其文化意义》，《景观》。休闲鹿影响了欧洲景观的发展，本文将展示休闲鹿研究对景观研究的解释潜力。7)赛克斯和艾伦的《动物入侵者：英格兰南部引进动物的社会历史》，苏塞克斯考古收藏品。该项目得到了苏塞克斯考古学会的支持，该学会是我获得AHRC资助的合作博士生奖项《动物景观与帝国》的合作伙伴。与合作的学生一起撰写的这篇论文将传播这两个项目的结果。该项目的出版将提供一个研究平台，从这个平台开始与国际合作对该物种进行重大调查。

Visit any stately home and somewhere on the grounds you are likely to find a herd of European fallow Deer (Dama dama dama). Undoubtedly an elegant and iconic sight, they are also one of natural history's puzzles because despite their modern distribution, and despite their name, European fallow deer are not of European origin: they are native to Anatolia, where the species became restricted during the last Ice Age (c. 40,000-10,000 years ago). It is clear from archaeological artefacts, iconography and the remains of the animals themselves that the spread of D. d. dama from Anatolia was entirely due to human transportation and that fallow deer held a unique semi-domestic position within each of the societies responsible for their movement: for instance the cultures of the Balkan Neolithic, Bronze Age Aegean (Mycenaean, Minoan), Iron Age Greece and Gaul, and the Roman, Byzantine and Norman Empires. More opaque are the questions of when, how quickly, by what mechanisms and, perhaps most importantly, why fallow deer were transported from their homeland. To address these issues and thereby gain important insights into past patterns of human migration, trade and social ideology, I have undertaken a two-year interdisciplinary project to examine the natural/social history of fallow deer. The project's results are challenging the 'received wisdom' about the species and providing a more nuanced appreciation of its role in European cultures dating between 4500 B.C. and A.D. 1450. Research leave is sought to bring these results to the consciousness of researchers, students and the general public with the following outputs: 1) Sykes, Baker, Hoelzel, Masseti and Vernasi 'Re-writing the natural history of fallow deer: new insights from ancient DNA', Journal of Archaeological Science. The project has produced new ancient DNA results that challenge established beliefs about the species' evolutionary biology. This paper will contextualise these results using evidence from modern fallow deer populations.2) Sykes, 'The origins and spread of European fallow deer', Mammal Review. This article will present a refined model for fallow deer (and thus human) migration, based on zooarchaeological records for fallow deer in Europe and the Near East. 3) Sykes and Cullen, 'Deer and deer hunting in Anglo-Saxon England: the evidence from zooarchaeology and place-names', Antiquaries Journal. This article will redress the erroneous information concerning the natural/social history of fallow deer that has recently come into circulation within the academic literature.4) Data collected during the project will be published on an up-dated version of the project's existing website. This will be a vital resource for zooarchaeological researchers.5) Sykes, 'Rituals and relics: the cultural significance of fallow deer in Europe 4500 B.C. to AD 1450', Environmental Archaeology. As both living animals and as body parts, fallow deer have been incorporated into expressions of social and religious identity. This article will examine the mechanisms and motivation for these acts.6) Sykes, 'The presence and cultural significance of game reserves in Roman Britain', Landscapes.Fallow deer have influenced the development of Europe's landscape and this article will demonstrate the interpretative potential of fallow deer research for landscape studies. 7) Sykes and Allen 'Animal invaders: the social history of introduced fauna in southern England', Sussex Archaeological Collections.The project has been supported by the Sussex Archaeological Society, the partner in my AHRC-funded collaborative doctoral award 'Animalscapes and Empire'. Written together with the collaborative student, this paper will disseminate the results of both projects.It is intended that publication of the project will provide a research platform from which to launcha major investigation into the species with international collaboration.