'Enemy of the People': Visual Representations of Chiang Kai-shek in communist, Japanese and Taiwanese propaganda

我申请这个AHRC奖学金，以便我可以在新的方向上发展我现有的关于蒋介石的史学和个人崇拜的工作，并特别关注蒋介石在整个二十世纪的不同时期被他的许多敌人嘲笑，讽刺和讽刺的方式。蒋介石可以说是20世纪亚洲最具分裂性的领导人之一：他在中国国民党及其盟友中受到支持者的崇拜，但在日本，中国和台湾，他的许多敌人都被妖魔化。虽然在20世纪80年代和90年代的学术研究中，蒋介石是如何被描绘的问题在很大程度上被忽视了，但近年来，随着蒋介石的遗产被重新评估，与他的生活有关的新资料变得更加容易获得，蒋介石已经成为学术界、媒体和普通人关注的焦点。事实上，蒋介石的诋毁者和敌人是如何在视觉上描绘蒋介石的--尽管他在亚洲大陆的日本战时宣传中无处不在，在中国内战和1949年后的时期，以及在20世纪50年代和60年代流亡的台湾独立活动人士的出版物中，中国共产党的媒体和宣传。本项目旨在填补文献中的这一空白。基于我对通过蒋个人崇拜创造的蒋介石的积极宣传的广泛工作，并结合苏联视觉文化学者开创的许多新方法论，我试图研究以下研究问题：-蒋介石的敌人或批评者产生的视觉宣传如何在几十年中变化和发展，我们能追踪这些宣传中特定比喻的发展吗？是谁特别创作了这些作品，他们的蒋介石形象如何影响其他艺术家和宣传家的作品？蒋介石的诋毁者在何种程度上、以何种方式，把他们对中国和中国国民党的某些看法投射到蒋介石的形象上？有没有可能了解中国、台湾和其他地方的观众对这些图像的接受情况？一部关于“反蒋”宣传的文化史，能为更广泛地研究二十世纪独裁者的代表性做出什么贡献？研究计划包括完成两篇期刊论文（一篇提交《现代中国》，另一篇提交《艺术杂志》）、一篇杂志文章（中文），以及在谢菲尔德人文研究所建立一个网上图像库（收集不同艺术家对蒋介石的负面或讽刺性描述）。

I am applying for this AHRC Fellowship so that I might develop my existing work on the historiography and personality cult of Chiang Kai-shek in new directions, and look specifically at the ways in which Chiang was derided, satirised and caricatured by his many enemies at different points throughout the twentieth century. Chiang Kai-shek was arguably one of the most divisive leaders in twentieth-century Asia: worshipped by his supporters within the Chinese Nationalist Party and its allies, yet demonised by his many enemies in Japan, China and Taiwan. While questions of how Chiang was depicted were largely ignored in scholarship emanating in the 1980s and 1990s, Chiang has become the focus of intense academic, media and lay attention over more recent years as his legacy is reappraised and new sources relating to his life become more accessible.As yet, however, virtually no work has been done on the ways in which Chiang was visually depicted by his detractors and enemies - despite his ubiquity in Japanese wartime propaganda on the Asian mainland, communist Chinese media and propaganda during the Chinese Civil War and the immediate post-1949 period, and in publications by exiled Taiwanese pro-independence activists in the 1950s and 1960s. This project seeks to fill this gap in the literature. Building on my extensive work on positive depictions of Chiang created through the Chiang personality cult, and incorporating many of the new methodological approaches that are being pioneered by scholars of Soviet visual culture, I seek to examine the following research questions:- How did visual depictions produced by enemies or critics of Chiang change and develop over the decades, and can we trace the development of specific tropes in these depictions?- Who specifically created such depictions, and how did their images of Chiang influence the work of other artists and propagandists?- To what extent, and in what ways, were certain ideas about China and the Chinese Nationalists projected onto representations of Chiang by his detractors?- Is it possible to learn anything about the reception of such images amongst their perceived audiences in China, Taiwan and elsewhere?- What can a cultural history of 'anti-Chiang' propaganda contribute to wider scholarship on representations of twentieth-century dictators?The fellowship will result in the completion of two journal articles (one to be submitted to Modern China, the other to Art Journal), one magazine article (in Chinese) and the establishment of an on-line image bank (of negative or satirical depictions of Chiang by various different artists) at Sheffield's Humanities Research Institute.