The French Resistance between Myth, Memory and Narrative

这个项目既挑战了法国抵抗运动的神话，也挑战了过去30年来抵抗运动的‘科学’或学术历史。关于法国抵抗运动的早期作品是由抵抗者自己根据他们自己的证词撰写的，其中发展了一个占主导地位的神话--“法国抵抗军”，作为对恢复法国民族的团结和自豪感的需要的回应。1980年后，这种方法受到了抵抗运动的“科学”或学术历史的批评，他们拒绝接受前抵抗者的个人证词，称其不可靠和带有党派色彩。它认为，只有当时对研究人员可用的“客观”档案来源才应该被使用，并对什么构成抵抗行为建立了严格的定义。之前的一个项目，Marianne in Chains(2002)，是一种‘科学’类型的项目，使用传统的档案来源来证明普通人和社区如何边缘抵抗试图经受失败和占领的普通人和社区。当前项目的方法论接受了近代历史学中主观转向的挑战，以及通过个人证词的棱镜来探索战时法国的兴趣，如艾琳·纳米洛夫斯基的《法兰西组曲》(2004)。我之前的AHRC项目《1968年前后：激进主义、网络、轨迹》(2007-10)强调了从口头证词研究中获得的重要见解，例如记忆作为叙事构建自身的方式，以及个人主体性、群体和社会记忆或叙事之间的持续对话。目前的项目认为，“抵抗”不是一个单一的神话实体，也不能被简化为一个单一的理想型实体。它辩称，抵抗是那些参与抵抗的人所说的意思，而抵抗者是那些把自己建设成这样的人。然而，阻力是在某些框架内构建的，必须针对特定的受众进行翻译。首先，它的发展是为了让盟国相信有必要进行干预以解放法国。其次，争相将自己的抵抗故事强加为霸权的敌对团体之间--法国国内的抵抗者与英国或法兰西帝国的自由法兰西人之间、共产主义抵抗者与非共产主义抵抗者之间、法国抵抗者与外国抵抗者、维希政权内部和外部的抵抗者之间、基督教和犹太抵抗者之间的竞争。第三，抵抗的思想与更广泛的媒体在法国社会中更广泛地阐述的抵抗的描述进行了对话，并随着时间的推移而变化。这些变化在20世纪90年代的范式转变中达到顶峰，导致人们通过大屠杀的镜头来看待第二次世界大战，并用拯救犹太人免于被驱逐到奥斯威辛的法兰西正义战士的英雄形象取代了这一形象。英国和法国都将进行研究。英国广播公司卡弗沙姆的书面档案馆、巴黎的BCRA档案馆(3AG2)和Kew国家档案馆的SOE档案馆(HS 4-9)将查阅战时法国的信件和记述。在法国，主要来源将是保存在国家档案馆系列72AJ中的个人证词，以及申请正式承认为退伍军人事务部的抵抗者，以及由协会保存的未出版的自传，L的自传和爱国自传。这个项目的主要成果将是一部关于法国抵抗运动的专著。它还将为我2013年受邀在法国举办的题为《自1940年以来法国的神话、记忆和叙事》的怀尔斯讲座做出贡献，还将有助于我与斯特芬·普拉瑟共同开发的一个合作项目，内容是战时欧洲的抵抗及其跨国层面，既有真实的，也有想象中的，考虑到了法语、西班牙语、意大利语、荷兰语、丹麦、苏联和德国的抵抗。

This project challenges both the myth of French resistance and the 'scientific' or academic histories of the Resistance in the last thirty years. Early work on the French Resistance, written by the resisters themselves from their own testimonies, developed the myth of 'la France résistante' as a dominant narrative as a response to the need to restore a sense of unity and pride to the French nation. This approach was criticised after 1980 by 'scientific' or academic histories of the Resistance which rejected the individual testimony of former resisters as unreliable and partisan. It argued that only the 'objective' archival sources that were then becoming available to researchers should be used and established tight definitions of what amounted to acts of resistance.A previous project, Marianne in Chains(2002), was of the 'scientific' kind, using conventional archival sources to demonstrate how marginal resistance was to ordinary people and communities seeking to weather defeat and occupation. The methodology of the current project takes up the challenge of the subjective turn in much recent historiography and an interest in exploring wartime France through the prism of individual testimonies such as Irene Nemirowsky's Suite française (2004). My previous AHRC project, 'Around 1968: Activism, Networks, Trajectories' (2007-10), highlighted important insights gained from the study of oral testimony, such as the way in which memory constructs itself as narrative and the constant dialogue between individual subjectivity, group and societal memory or narrative. The current project takes the view that 'la Résistance' was not a single mythical entity, neither can it be reduced to a single ideal-type. It argues that resistance was what those who engaged in it said that it meant and that resisters were those who constructed themselves as such. Resistance, however, was constructed within certain frameworks and had to be translated for given audiences. In the first place it was developed to convince the Allies of the need for intervention to liberate France. Secondly, it was contested between rival groups battling to impose their resistance narrative as hegemonic - between resisters inside France and the Free French in Britain or the French Empire, between Communist and non-Communist resisters, French and foreign resisters, resisters working within the Vichy regime and those outside it, by Christian and Jewish resisters. Third, ideas of resistance were in dialogue with wider accounts of resistance elaborated by the media more widely in French society, and changing over time. These changes culminated in the paradigm shift in the 1990s which caused the Second World War to be seen through the lens of the Holocaust, and replaced the heroic image of the resistance fighter by that of the Juste de France who had saved Jews from deportation to Auschwitz.Research will be undertaken both in Britain and France. Letters and accounts written from wartime France will be consulted in the BBC's Written Archives at Caversham, the BCRA archives in Paris (3AG2) and the SOE Archives at the National Archive at Kew (HS 4-9).In France, the main source will be the individual testimonies conserved in the Archives Nationales series 72AJ, together with applications for official recognition as resisters in the War Veterans ministry and unpublished autobiographies kept by the Association pour l'Autobiographie et le Patrimoine Autobiographique. The principal output of this project will be a monograph on the French Resistance. It will also contribute to the Wiles lectures I have been invited to give in 2013 entitled Myth, Memory and Narrative in France since 1940, and will contribute to a collaborative project I am developing with Steffen Prauser on resistance in wartime Europe and its transnational dimensions, both real and imagined, taking into account French, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Danish, Soviet and also German resistance.