International Health Organizations (IHOs): The history for the future network (International Highlight Notice)

国际卫生组织(IHO)关注21世纪卫生和保健的方方面面。它们的形式多种多样，如世界卫生组织、红十字会/新月会、无国界医生组织、世界反兴奋剂机构和基督教援助组织。他们的职权范围广泛，在灾难发生时进行干预，在尚不存在的地方提供基本医疗服务，制定标准并促进实践，诱使各州采取协调一致的行动，并宣传对健康和医疗保健的特定观点。然而，情况并不总是如此，卫生机构超越国界，利用跨国资金和专业知识是最近的历史现象。虽然有许多关于特定机构和运动的研究，但国际卫生组织很少被视为现代卫生保健史上的一个独特现象。这个网络试图通过将历史学家和具有相关研究兴趣的相关学科的人聚集在一起来解决这一问题。它旨在为特定时期、组织和案例研究提供新的见解，但也探索比较视角的潜力，并从更广泛的健康和医学史中梳理出IHO。关键问题包括：1.哪些议程和意识形态塑造了IHO在19世纪和20世纪的出现？2.谁建立了IHO并为其提供资源，为什么，随着时间的推移，这种情况发生了变化吗？3.IHO在多大程度上实现了他们的目标，是什么塑造了或阻止了成功？4.IHO在嵌入它们的地方产生了什么影响？5.当地人在多大程度上支持或反对IHO，是什么影响了他们的方法？6.IHO的出现在哪些方面对国际关系以及国家和文化内部的国内关系产生了更广泛的影响？7.IHO在过去两个世纪的出现告诉了历史学家关于医学史的什么那么现代性呢？8.对于那些与当代IHO合作或在当代IHO内部工作的人来说，历史视角如何塑造未来的战略和轨迹？该网络将在转型和IHO面临新挑战的时候解决这些问题。世卫组织在其第六十四届世界卫生大会后启动了一段时间的内部改革，预计将在2015年宣布其第12个总工作方案，该方案为2016-2025年期间整个组织的干预、预算编制和资源分配方案提供了框架。这些变化在一定程度上是为了应对一些危机，比如伊斯兰武装组织青年党2011年禁止在索马里开展IHO项目，以及红十字国际委员会(International Committee Of The Red Cross)和联合国儿童基金会等组织报告称，在向叙利亚难民和平民提供医疗服务方面持续存在的困难。因此，该网络不仅将历史学家聚集在一起，还将吸引那些在今天的IHO工作的人，以便在历史和当代背景之间建立一个接口，以测试回顾过去在多大程度上能够塑造未来的战略和政策。

International Health Organisations (IHOs) concern themselves with all aspects of health and healthcare in the twenty-first century. They take forms as varied as the World Health Organisation, the Red Cross/Crescent, Médecins Sans Frontières, the World Anti-Doping Agency and Christian Aid. Their remit is broad and wide-ranging, intervening in times of disaster, providing basic healthcare services where they do not already exist, setting standards and promoting practices, cajoling individual states into concerted action, and promoting particular views of health and healthcare. Yet this has not always been the case, and health agencies that transcend national boundaries and draw on transnational funding and expertise are a recent historical phenomenon. While there is a number of studies of particular institutions and movements, the IHO has rarely been viewed as a distinct phenomenon in the history of health and healthcare in the modern period. This network seeks to address this by bringing together historians and those from related disciplines with relevant research interests. It aims to provide fresh insights into particular periods, organisations and case studies, but also to explore the potential of comparative perspectives, and of teasing IHOs out of the wider history of health and medicine in modernity.Key questions include:1. What agendas and ideologies shaped the emergence of IHOs in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries?2. Who has established and resourced IHOs, why, and has this changed over time?3. How far have IHOs met their objectives and what shaped or prevented success?4. What impacts have IHOs had in the locales where they have been embedded?5. To what extent have locals worked with or against IHOs and what shaped their approaches?6. In what ways has the emergence of the IHO had wider impacts on international relations, and on domestic relations within countries and cultures?7. What does the emergence of the IHO over the last two centuries tell historians about the history of medicine, and of modernity?8. How can historical perspectives shape future strategies and trajectories for those working with or within contemporary IHOs?The network will tackle these questions at a time of transition and new challenges for IHOs. The WHO launched a period of internal reform after its Sixty-fourth World Health Assembly and in 2015 is expected to announce its 12th General Programme of Work, which provides the framework for an organization-wide programme of interventions, budgeting and resource-allocation for the period 2016-2025. In part these changes have been in response to crises such as the ban in 2011 on IHO programmes in Somalia by al-Shabaab, the armed militant Islamic organisation, and the ongoing difficulties reported by organisations like The International Committee of the Red Cross and UNICEF in delivering medical services to refugees and the civilian population in Syria. The network will therefore not simply bring together historians, but will also draw in those working in today's IHOs in order to create an interface between history and the contemporary context in order to test how far looking to the past can shape future strategy and policy.