Exeter: A Place in Time

在过去两千年的大部分时间里，城镇和乡村之间的关系在塑造英国社会方面发挥了重要作用。不列颠被罗马世界同化，形成了一个城镇网络，作为行政、贸易、工业和服务提供的中心，尽管罗马不列颠的衰落导致了大部分地区城市生活的消失。直到10世纪左右，真正的城镇才再次出现，从那时起，它们就成为英国生活的一部分。这个项目将研究英格兰西南部最重要的城镇--埃克塞特--的波动命运，以及它如何与当地、区域和国际腹地相互作用。 埃克塞特开始于征服时期（公元55年），作为罗马军团的堡垒，并在其废弃（公元75年）后，它被改造成一个城镇（civitas资本），为当地的Dumnonia地区服务。与许多其他低地地区不同，杜姆诺尼亚在接受罗马生活方面进展缓慢，乡村中的别墅和其他形式的罗马影响非常少。因此，该项目将以埃克塞特为例，说明罗马化英国边缘的城市化发展。虽然城镇的大部分地区似乎在中世纪早期被遗弃，但大教堂附近的放射性碳年代测定的墓葬表明了一丝连续性。埃克塞特的城市生活在世纪左右恢复，当它与大西洋欧洲建立了广泛的贸易联系时，这个城镇在整个中世纪时期继续蓬勃发展，再次展示了一种不同于东部权力中心的城市化模式。 埃克塞特的考古重要性是双重的：首先，它是英国西部城市化的代表，远离伦敦的政治，社会和经济中心;其次，有特别广泛的发掘，其结果只有部分被公布。埃克塞特号：因此，“时间中的地方”项目旨在产生有史以来第一个埃克塞特考古学的综合，并进行一系列主题研究，基于对以前挖掘的组合（动物骨骼，陶器和冶金碎片）的科学分析，揭示了城市如何发展及其与腹地的互动。该项目将是强有力的合作，并涉及：1。埃克塞特大学（已经在进行大教堂墓地的挖掘后分析）和雷丁大学2。英国遗产（通过他们的考古中心，并资助科茨沃尔德考古学撰写关键的未发表的发掘）3。管理城市历史环境记录和皇家阿尔伯特纪念博物馆的埃克塞特市议会理事会与英国遗产和科茨沃尔德考古学的合作伙伴关系将使选定的未发表的挖掘工作得到研究，沿着放射性碳和树木年代学测定和冶金分析方案。AHRC的资金将利用现有的挖掘材料，通过进一步分析动物骨骼和陶器，探索埃克塞特与其腹地的关系。特别是，科学分析将用于确定动物在被带到埃克塞特之前在哪里放牧，以及夏季牲畜从肥沃的低地转移到高地的程度。对这些陶器的一项新分析将探索埃克塞特在英国西南部和欧洲大陆的贸易网络。该项目的主要成果将包括两本书和一次学术会议，分析从罗马时期到16世纪，埃克塞特的发展及其与腹地的关系，一次针对专业考古学家的会议，强调这种创新的伙伴关系方法，为公众举办为期一天的研讨会，并增强博物馆的“创造历史”画廊，在线时间轨迹，历史环境记录。

The relationship between town and country has played an important role in shaping British society for much of the past two millennia. Britain's assimilation into the Roman world led to the creation of a network of towns as centres of administration, trade, industry and service provision although the decline of Roman Britain led to the disappearance of urban life in most areas. It was only from around the 10th century that true towns once again re-emerged, and they have been integral to British life ever since. This project will examine the fluctuating fortunes of the most important town in SW England - Exeter - and how it interacted with its local, regional and international hinterland. Exeter began in the Conquest period (c.AD55) as a Roman legionary fortress, and following its abandonment (c.AD75) it was transformed into a town (civitas capital) serving the local region of Dumnonia. Unlike many other lowland areas, Dumnonia was slow to adopt aspects of Roman life, there being very few villas and other forms of Roman influence in the countryside. As such, this project will use Exeter as an example of the development of urbanism at the fringes of Romanised Britain. Although large parts of the town appear to have been abandoned in the early medieval period, a thread of continuity is indicated by radiocarbon-dated burials from the Cathedral Close. Urban life in Exeter resumed around the 10th century, and the town continued to flourish throughout the medieval period when it established extensive trading connections with Atlantic Europe, once again demonstrating a model of urbanism that was different from the centres of power to the east that looked towards NW Europe. Exeter's archaeological importance is two-fold: firstly, it is representative of urbanism in western Britain, well away from the political, social and economic centre of London; and secondly, there have been particularly extensive excavations the results of which have only partly been published. The 'Exeter: A Place in Time' project therefore aims to produce the first ever synthesis of the archaeology of Exeter and undertake a series of themed research strands, based upon scientific analyses of previously excavated assemblages (animal bones, pottery, and metallurgical debris) that shed light on how the city developed and interacted with its hinterland. The project will be strongly collaborative and involve: 1. the Universities of Exeter (already undertaking the post-excavation analysis of the Cathedral Close cemetery) and Reading2. English Heritage (through their Centre for Archaeology, and funding for Cotswold Archaeology to write up key unpublished excavations)3. Exeter City Council who run the City's Historic Environment Record and Royal Albert Memorial Museum A partnership with English Heritage and Cotswold Archaeology will enable selected unpublished excavations to be studied, along with a programme of radiocarbon and dendrochronological dating and metallurgical analysis. AHRC funding will use existing excavated material to explore Exeter's relationship to its hinterland through further analysis of animal bones and pottery. In particular scientific analysis will be used to characterise where animals were grazing before they were brought to Exeter, and the extent to which livestock were moved from the fertile lowlands onto the uplands during the summer. A new analysis of the pottery will explore Exeter's trading networks both within the SW of Britain and continental Europe. Key outputs of the project will include two books and an academic conference presenting an analysis of Exeter's development and its relationship with its hinterland from the Roman period through to the 16th century, a conference session aimed at professional archaeologists that highlights this innovative partnership approach, a one-day workshop for the public, and enhancements to the Museum's Making History gallery, online Time Trail, and Historic Environment Record.