The Gender Politics of Demilitarisation: Examining DDR from the Perspective of Female (Ex)-Combatants

性别、机构和国际安全之间的关系是什么？当代安全实践在（后）冲突环境中提供“性别安全”吗？安全的性别主体如何以及为什么在回应和平与安全干预时表现出能动性和抵抗力？联合国安理会第1325号决议（UNSCR 1325）强调将妇女和性别问题纳入国际和平与安全事务的重要性。然而，许多人认为，国际安全干预仍然未能解决冲突环境中妇女的具体性别关切，并且忽视了妇女在战争与和平中的作用。解除武装、复员和重返社会方案体现了这些问题。通过销毁武器、解散武装团体和使前战斗人员重新融入社会，民主复员谋求确保持久和平。将性别问题纳入复员方案的主流有可能实现积极的变化。承认女性是战争的代理人而不是受害者，有助于建立性别平等的和平。然而，妇女往往被排除在忽视她们的利益、权利和需求的DDR项目之外或边缘化。为了应对这些挑战，拟议的项目将对性别和安全问题制定一种创新办法。这种方法的目的是：1。开发一个新的理论框架，以理解性别代理如何出现和部署与国际安全干预有关；2 .研究处于（后）冲突环境中的妇女如何在应对安全干预时表现出能动性和抵抗力；3 .确定“性别”如何塑造国际安全话语和实践；评估在国际干预的关键地点实现“性别安全”的程度；and5。建立一个强有力的方法论和方法，用于绘制和分析冲突（后）环境中的“性别安全”。为了实现这些目标，该项目将对波黑冲突后的复员政策和方案进行定性研究。这项研究将通过对政策文件的定性分析和对执行者和受益者的访谈，特别侧重于与复员有关的“性别安全”政策和做法。特别是，它将探讨：女性（前）战斗人员/与战斗部队（WAFFs）有关的妇女的战时角色；他们参与战争的动机；他们积极和消极的动员经验；以及参与武装部队的长期影响。该项目还将通过探讨妇女参与和参与规划和设计复员方案的情况，分析复员政策和做法的性别性质和影响；是否以及如何将性别观点纳入复员方案的执行、监测和评价。总的来说，这项研究将对以下方面作出重大贡献：当前和未来的安全政策制定和实践；了解妇女作为潜在/实际安全人员的作用；安全研究、和平与冲突研究、政治社会学文献；国际关系和社会学学科内的方法，将女权主义理论与实证研究结合起来，克服学者和实践者之间的分歧；最后，政策制定和学术界关于“性别安全”重要性的辩论正在兴起。该项目涉及与潜在受益者和用户进行各种形式的知识交流。来自国际组织、安全机构和民间社会的决策者和从业人员将通过有针对性的简报和咨询会议以及政策报告参与整个项目。更广泛的公众将通过在伦敦市中心举办的研讨会和新书发布会参与进来。最终，该研究旨在通过将“性别代理”的概念置于安全话语/实践的中心而不是边缘来改变对“性别安全”的理解。

What is the relationship between gender, agency and international security? Do contemporary security practices provide 'gender security' in (post)conflict settings? How and why do the gendered subjects of (in)security demonstrate agency and resistance in response to peace and security interventions? UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (UNSCR 1325) stresses the importance of integrating women and gender issues into matters of international peace and security. Yet many argue that international security interventions still fail to address the gender-specific concerns of women in conflict settings, and overlook the agency of women in war and peace. Disarmament, Demobilisation & Reintegration (DDR) programmes exemplify these issues. By eradicating weapons, disbanding armed groups and reintegrating ex-combatants, DDR seeks to secure durable peace. Mainstreaming gender concerns into DDR has potential to achieve positive change. Recognising women as agents not victims of war can help build a gender-just peace. Yet women are often excluded from or marginalised by DDR programs that neglect their interests, rights and needs.To confront these challenges, the proposed project will develop an innovative approach to gender and security. The aims of this approach are to:1. Develop a novel theoretical framework for understanding how gendered agency emerges and is deployed in relation to international security interventions;2. Examine how women situated in (post)conflict settings demonstrate agency and resistance in response to security interventions;3. Identify how 'gender' shapes international security discourses and practices;4. Assess the extent to which 'gender security' is achieved in key sites of international intervention; and5. Build a robust methodology and methods for mapping and analysing 'gender security' in (post)conflict environments.To achieve these aims, the project will undertake a qualitative study of DDR policies and programmes in post-conflict BiH. The study will focus in particular on 'gender security' policies and practices relating to DDR via qualitative analysis of policy documents and interviews with implementers and beneficiaries. In particular, it will explore: the wartime roles of female (ex)combatants/women associated with fighting forces (WAFFs); their motivations for participating in the war effort; their positive and negative experiences of mobilisation; and long-term impact of participation in armed forces. The project will also analyse the gendered nature and impact of DDR policies and practices via an exploration of: women's participation and representation in the planning and design of DDR programmes; whether and how a gender perspective was incorporated into the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of DDR programming.Overall, the study would make a major contribution to: current and future security policymaking and practice; understandings of the role of women as potential/actual agents of security; literatures on security studies, peace and conflict studies, and political sociology; methodologies within the disciplines of international relations and sociology that integrate feminist theory and empirical research and overcome divisions between scholars and practitioners; and finally, emerging debates in policymaking and academic circles regarding the importance of 'gender security'.The project involves diverse forms of knowledge exchange with potential beneficiaries and users. Policymakers and practitioners from international organisations, security institutions and civil society will be engaged throughout the project via targeted briefings and consultation meetings, and policy report. The wider public will be engaged via a workshop and book launch in central London.Ultimately, the study aims to transform understandings of 'gender security' by placing the concept of 'gendered agency' at the centre rather than margins of security discourse/practice.