Reparations, Responsibility and Victimhood in Transitional Societies

赔偿长期以来一直是冲突后和过渡社会弥补过去错误的一种法律的和政治工具。从本质上讲，赔偿的目的是恢复所欠的东西，补偿损失，承认错误和补救受害者。在过去60年中，赔偿方案激增，从德国对大屠杀受害者的赔偿（800亿德国马克）到为伊拉克入侵科威特设立的联合国索赔委员会（550亿美元）。最近，国际刑事法院的个人犯罪者被命令向受害者提供赔偿。国际机构、地方法院和真相委员会也承认受害者获得赔偿的权利。尽管取得了这些进展，但关于如何纠正大规模侵犯人权行为的基本理论和政策问题仍然存在。本项目将寻求从理论和实践上理解转型社会中赔偿、责任和受害者之间的关系。为此，它将：审查哥伦比亚、危地马拉、尼泊尔、北方爱尔兰、秘鲁和乌干达的五个跨领域主题：（1）资格和复杂的受害者;（2）赔偿、承认和真相的恢复;（3）受害者的自主权、动员和参与;（4）责任、问责和国家/非国家轴心;（5）资金、可行性和发展;围绕上述主题开发一个研究工具，并在每个管辖区与主要政府官员、民间社会组织、受害者群体、前战斗人员、法律的和政治人物进行20次半结构化访谈;及-检讨一系列相关学科的相关学术及政策文献，以阐明五个项目主题。潜在应用及效益本项目将对学术界，民间社会和国际组织。在学术上，该项目将有助于加深对过渡社会中赔偿、责任和受害者之间关系的理解。将通过一本学术专著、至少五篇期刊文章或书籍章节以及十多次会议发言来探讨和传播这些更广泛的理论考虑。在政策和实践层面，该项目将为六个案例研究中的每一个案例研究中关于赔偿的国内辩论提供信息，每个司法管辖区有两份定制报告（翻译成当地语言）、两本手册和一本关于过渡社会赔偿问题的准则。这项研究也将是高度相关的国际组织，如联合国，人权事务高级专员办事处，国际刑事法院和国际移民组织，以及决策者和捐助者，国际和区域法院和跨国民间社会行为者，参与制定或裁定世界各地的赔偿。“适应”全球挑战研究基金（GCRF）该项目与GCRF的目标相一致，重点是冲突和解、过渡时期司法和有凝聚力的社区，以及“以人为本”的冲突和解方法。鉴于研究的重点是低收入/中等收入国家的赔偿，以及针对分裂或边缘化人口的广泛产出（即民间社会团体和非国家武装团体的手册）以及国际组织帮助设计赔偿方案的指导方针，我们认为该项目符合官方发展援助（ODA）。鉴于冲突后稳定、可持续经济和社会发展之间的联系，这项研究解决了一个明显的需求，这个影响力很大的项目的主要受益者将是弱势群体。

ContextReparations have long been a legal and political tool of making amends for past wrongs in post conflict and transitional societies. In essence, reparations aim to restore what is owed, compensate for loss, acknowledge wrongs and remedy the injured. Over the past 60 years, there has been a proliferation of reparations programmes from Germany's reparations to victims of the Holocaust (80 billion DM) and the UN Claims Commission set up for the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait ($55 billion). More recently, individual perpetrators at the International Criminal Court have been ordered to provide reparations to their victims. International bodies, local courts and truth commissions have also recognised victims' right to reparations. Despite these developments, fundamental theoretical and policy questions concerning how to remedy mass violations of human rights remain. Aims and ObjectivesThis project will seek to develop a theoretical and practical understanding of the relationship between reparations, responsibility and victimhood in transitional societies. To achieve this it will: - Examine five cross-cutting themes in Colombia, Guatemala, Nepal, Northern Ireland, Peru and Uganda of: (1) Eligibility and Complex Victimhood; (2) Reparations, Acknowledgement and Truth Recovery; (3) Victim Ownership, Mobilisation and Participation; (4) Responsibility, Accountability and the State/Non-State Axis; and (5) Finance, Feasibility and Development;- Develop a research instrument structured around the themes above and conduct 20 semi-structured interviews in each jurisdiction with key government officials, civil society organisations, victim groups, ex-combatants, legal and political figures; and- Conduct a review of the relevant scholarly and policy literature across a range of relevant disciplines that illuminate the five project themes.Potential Applications and Benefits This project will be of value to academics, civil society and international organisations. Academically, the project will help develop a thicker understanding of the relationship between reparations, responsibility and victimhood in transitional societies. These broader theoretical considerations will be explored and disseminated through a scholarly monograph, at least five journal articles or book chapters and over a dozen conference presentations.At the level of policy and practice, this project will inform domestic debates on reparations in each of the six case studies with two bespoke reports for each jurisdiction (translated into local languages), two handbooks, and one guidelines on reparations in transitional societies. This research will also be highly relevant to international organisations like the UN, the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, the International Criminal Court, and the International Organisation for Migration, as well as policymakers and donors, international and regional courts and transnational civil society actors, which are involved in developing or adjudicating reparations around the world.'Fit' with Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF)This project aligns with the goals of the GCRF with its focus on conflict reconciliation, transitional justice and cohesive communities, and a 'human-centred' approach to conflict reconciliation. Given the focus of the research on reparations in Low/Middle Income countries and the broad range of outputs targeted at divided or marginalised populations (i.e. handbooks for civil society groups and non-state armed groups) as well as guidelines for International Organisations to aid the design of reparations programmes, we believe that this project is Official Development Assistance (ODA) compliant. Given the links between post-conflict stability, sustainable economic and societal development this research addresses an evidenced need, the primary beneficiaries of this highly impactful project will be disadvantaged populations.