Innovative Uses of Transitional Justice in Ongoing Conflict and for Corporate Complicity

拟议的项目是应从业人员和决策者的要求，利用人权委员会资助的过渡时期司法研究合作组织，设计更有效的过渡时期司法机制，以应对和平与人权方面的新挑战。TJ已经成为一套关键的政策和做法，以加强民主，和平，和暴行后的人权。它往往针对国家行为者或类似国家的行为者（例如，准军事部队或反叛军）在海盗和武装冲突后的行动。最近，政策制定者和实践者已经开始调整它，以解决两种新情况下的虐待问题：正在进行的武装冲突和非国有企业行为者参与过去的暴力。对TJ的这些新用途的唯一系统研究和分析是TJRC。拟议的后续项目旨在通过参与国际学术与实践者合作，设计、实施和传播有效的、经过经验检验的、针对具体情况的TJ政策，以促进和平，从而提高之前资助的项目的价值。持续冲突并满足受害者对企业侵犯人权行为的正义和补救的需求。TJRC是唯一一个跟踪1970年至2012年期间从独裁统治过渡到民主或从武装冲突过渡到和平的116个国家采用七种过渡司法机制（刑事审判、大赦、真相委员会、民事审判、审查、赔偿和习惯司法）的数据库。全面的数据库使团队能够产生关于TJ对加强民主，人权与和平的影响的“开创性成果”（来自圣母大学Guillermo Trejo教授的通讯，2016年6月14日）。跨国数据库，如真相、正义与和解委员会，产生了全球模式和影响，但对冲突解决和人权领域的从业人员的日常工作用处往往有限。TJRC的跨国比较和细致入微的案例研究数据和分析克服了其他研究的这一弱点。事实证明，这有助于在独特的国情下适应有效的政策和做法。拟议与ANDHES建立伙伴关系，该组织在阿根廷调整和实施了TJRC模式，提供了将合作扩大到另外五个国家和更大范围的专门知识。在刚刚摆脱武装冲突的国家工作并试图促进人权受害者获得补救和补救的权利的从业人员需要这些模式。因此，TJRC填补了关于现有和有效模型的知识空白。与非洲人权和环境发展国家网络的伙伴关系增加了调整这些模式的实际和后勤专门知识。然而，伙伴关系不是强加这些模式，而是回应国内和国际利益攸关方的参与要求，以适应和实施这些模式，以适应特定的情况。合作的目的是，根据过渡、司法和调查委员会的调查结果以及智利、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔、危地马拉和秘鲁的国家人权和社会保障网络的经验，设计和实施适当的、针对具体情况的过渡、司法机制。它将制定一个真相委员会草案、一份战略诉讼手册、在持续冲突中促进和平的过渡时期司法机制以及支持执行的模式（法庭之友、政策简报和新闻文章）。在现有合作的基础上，该伙伴关系旨在与五个国家的参与组织和主要国际组织开展合作，并传播有效的“最佳做法”，帮助过渡时期司法机构应对持续冲突和企业侵犯人权行为。它计划建立一个更广泛的国际用户网络，包括潜在的新用户（特别是在南非），以扩大该项目在全球的影响。最后，它将与这些潜在伙伴合作，为未来的影响活动制定供资提案。

The proposed project responds to a request from practitioners and policy makers to use the AHRC-funded Transitional Justice Research Collaborative (TJRC) to design more effective transitional justice (TJ) mechanisms to address new challenges in peace and human rights. TJ has become the key set of policies and practices to strengthen democracy, peace, and human rights after atrocity. It has tended to target abuses by state actors or state-like actors (e.g., paramilitaries or rebel armies) in the aftermath of dictatorships and armed conflicts. Very recently policy makers and practitioners have begun adapting it to address abuses in two new contexts: ongoing armed conflict and where nonstate - business - actors participated in past violence. The only systematic research and analysis that exists on these new uses of TJ is the TJRC. The proposed follow-on project aims to enhance the value of the previously funded project by engaging in an international academic-practitioner collaboration to design, implement, and disseminate effective, empirically tested, context-specific, TJ policies to advance peace in the context of ongoing conflict and address victims' needs for justice and remedy for corporate human rights abuses. The TJRC is the only database of its kind that tracks the adoption of seven TJ mechanisms (criminal trials, amnesties, truth commissions, civil trials, vetting, reparations, and customary justice) in 116 countries that have transitioned from authoritarian rule to democracy or armed conflict to peace between 1970 and 2012. The comprehensive database allowed the team to generate 'path-breaking results' (communication from Prof Guillermo Trejo, University of Notre Dame, 14 June 2016) regarding the impact of TJ on strengthening democracy, human rights, and peace. Cross-national databases, such as the TJRC, generate global patterns and impact, but often have limited utility for practitioners' day-to-day work in the fields of conflict resolution and human rights. The TJRC's cross-national comparative and nuanced case study data and analysis overcomes this weakness of other studies. It has proved useful for adaptation to effective policy and practice in unique country contexts. The proposed partnership with ANDHES, an organization that has adapted and implemented TJRC models in Argentina, provides the know-how to extend the collaboration to five additional countries and beyond. These models are in demand by practitioners working in countries emerging from armed conflict and attempting to promote human rights' victims' rights for redress and remedy. The TJRC thus fills a void in knowledge about existing and effective models. The partnership with ANDHES adds practical and logistical know-how in adapting those models. Rather than impose these models, however, the partnership responds to a demand for engagement from domestic and international stakeholders to adapt and implement them to suit particular contexts. The collaboration aims to design and implement appropriate, context-specific, TJ mechanisms based on TJRC findings and ANDHES's experience to Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Peru. It will develop a draft truth commission, a strategic litigation manual, TJ mechanisms for peace in ongoing conflict, and models to support implementation (amicus curiae and policy briefs and news articles).Building on existing collaborations, the partnership aims to develop a collaboration with participating organizations in five countries and key international organizations to design, adapt, implement, and disseminate effective 'best practices' for TJ in ongoing conflict and for corporate human rights abuses. It plans to develop a wider international network of users, including potential new users (specifically in South Africa), to expand the impact of the project globally. Finally it will work with those potential partners to develop funding proposals for future impact activities.