Latin America and the peripheral origins of nineteenth-century international order

关于国际秩序状况的辩论已经从学术期刊一跃成为报纸的头版，并成为关注持续合作以应对全球挑战的政策制定者的话语。国际秩序是一个由国际规范、制度和实践组成的复合体，它有助于构建世界政治人们认为，国际秩序受到了来自外部的新势力崛起的挑战，也受到了来自内部的关键国家支持空洞化的削弱。这种关注推动了学术界试图更好地理解国际秩序的基础和演变，并批评对该秩序有益的假设。支撑当今秩序的许多规范、制度和实践都出现在世纪;塑造这一秩序的大国讨价还价与帝国扩张和种族等级制度的实施交织在一起。全球历史和国际关系领域的学者越来越多地将十九世纪视为国际秩序发展的关键时刻。本项目旨在更好地了解拉丁美洲在这一过程中的作用-拉丁美洲国家是如何形成的，以及它们是如何通过与这些基础性国际项目的互动而形成的？鉴于其在这一时期的地位--基本上是独立的，但没有大国，在欧洲国际社会中处于边缘地位--拉丁美洲在很大程度上缺席了国际秩序的讨论，或者通过与美国关系的透镜来看待。如果我们想更好地理解国际秩序项目与其核心之外的国家之间的关系，这种缺失就很重要。我们的研究将进一步去中心化的国际秩序的创建的理解，并检查的限制和周边影响的可能性。这一时期也是拉丁美洲国家巩固和国际插入的关键。拉丁美洲在19世纪一直被认为是一个不自由的死水;然而，最近的政治思想史研究表明，自由主义和共和主义的项目和实践充满活力。反过来，法律的历史强调了法律的传统的相关性，以及它们为国家形成和国际关系提供信息的方式。然而，我们对国内实践和国际实践之间的联系仍然知之甚少;因此，我们建议将“拉丁美洲共和国国际主义”作为一个透镜来考察国内政治如何在外交实践中表现出来。这项研究将有利于全球历史学家，国际关系学者，共和主义和自由主义在拉丁美洲的19世纪的历史学家。该项目将通过在阿根廷，巴西，哥伦比亚，墨西哥和美国的原始档案研究，从1864年至1919年的这些发展。我们将聚焦国际和地区峰会、国际组织创建等关键时刻，重新凝聚本地区的国际思想潮流。我们寻求更好地了解共和主义和自由主义如何塑造拉丁美洲的外交实践，拉丁美洲的边缘地位如何影响其与秩序建设项目的接触，以及它的建议如何影响多边主义的实践。第一个阶段始于第一次日内瓦会议，其标志是拉丁美洲日益加强的国内整合和国际经济融入。在全球一级，它的特点是早期创建国际公共联盟和更大的帝国间国际秩序建设项目。大约从1889年开始，我们进入了第二个时期，不同的外交倡议开始合并成类似于今天的国际组织的形式。其中许多机构今天仍然存在，或在第二次世界大战后的体制结构中重生。

Debates about the state of the international order have leapt from academic journals to the front pages of newspapers and into the discourses of policymakers concerned about sustaining cooperation to address global challenges. International order-a complex of international norms, institutions, and practices that helps structure world politics-is understood to be challenged from without by the rise of new powers and weakened from within by a hollowing out of support from key states. This attention has driven scholarly attempts to better understand international order's foundation and evolution-and to criticize assumptions of that order's beneficence. Many of the norms, institutions, and practices that underpin today's order emerged in the nineteenth century; the great power bargains that shaped the order were intertwined with the expansion of empires and imposition of racial hierarchies. Scholarship in both global history and international relations increasingly understands the nineteenth century as a pivotal moment in the development international order. This project seeks to better understand the role of Latin America in this process-how did Latin American states shape and how were they shaped by their interactions with these foundational international projects? Given its status during this period-mostly independent but bereft of great powers and marginal to European international society-Latin America has been largely absent from discussions of international order or seen through the lens of their relations with the United States. This absence matters if we want to better understand how projects of international order relate to countries outside their cores. Our research will further de-center understandings of international order's creation and examine the constraints and possibilities for peripheral influence.The period was also pivotal for Latin American state consolidation and international insertion. Latin America was long presumed to be an illiberal backwater during the nineteenth century; however, recent scholarship of the history of political ideas has shown the vibrancy of liberalism and republican projects and practices. Legal history, in turn, has emphasized the relevance of legal traditions and the way in which they informed state formation and international relations. However, we still know little about how domestic and international practices were connected; as such we propose the examination of "Latin America republican internationalism" as a lens through which to examine how domestic politics were manifested in diplomatic practice. The research will benefit global historians, international relations scholars, and historians of republicanism and liberalism in Latin America's nineteenth century.The project will examine these developments from 1864-1919 through original archival research in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and the USA. We will focus on key moments, such as international and regional summits and the creation of international organizations, and re-engage the region's international intellectual currents. We seek a better understanding of how republicanism and liberalism shaped Latin American diplomatic practices, how Latin America's peripheral position affected its engagement with projects of order-building, and how its proposals may have influenced practices of multilateralism. The initial period starts with the First Geneva Conference and is marked by the growing domestic consolidation and international economic insertion of Latin America. At a global level, it was characterized by early creation of international public unions and larger projects of inter-imperial international order-building. From about 1889, we enter a second period in which disparate diplomatic initiatives begin to coalesce into forms that resemble today's international organizations. Many of these bodies exist today or have been reborn in the post-Second World War institutional architecture.