Military Strategies During the Genocide Against the Tutsis in Rwanda

自1994年针对图西族的种族灭绝以来，卢旺达一直是进行种族灭绝研究的主要地点，也被称为1994年卢旺达种族灭绝。在过去的26年里，学术研究人员和记者对种族灭绝大屠杀进行了深入的研究和分析。这些研究主要集中在种族灭绝的实施者，被称为联攻派的胡图族极端分子和图西族受害者之间的种族灭绝事件上。在100天的时间里，估计有80万图西族人和温和的胡图族人被杀害，直到以图西族人为主的反叛集团卢旺达爱国阵线（爱国阵线）消灭了种族灭绝部队才结束这一重大事件。其军事分支卢旺达爱国军在1990年10月以来持续的卢旺达内战（1990-1994年）的更大冲突中负责军事打击卢旺达国防军。然而，在冲突的最后几个月里，不仅两个军事行动者之间发生了军事对抗，而且还增加了种族灭绝部队，希望杀死图西族人和任何蔑视其极端的胡图族至上信仰的胡图族人。1993年的《阿鲁沙协定》促成了多次停火，为图西族和温和的胡图族团体带来了政治改革和安全的公民社会的希望。然而，胡图族总统哈比亚利马纳在4月6日晚上被暗杀，在种族灭绝屠杀的冲突中开始了新的动态，使和平条件复杂化，并将在几天内重新点燃内战。虽然在学术和新闻出版物中对种族灭绝进行了充分的研究，但在卢旺达爱国军（爱国军）敌对军事部队对卢旺达国防军（卢旺达国防军）之间的军事行动如何影响杀戮率方面存在重大差距。对卢旺达图西族人的种族灭绝期间的军事战略将特别提出以下问题：-种族灭绝研究中目前的理解是否包括卢旺达内战的军事历史，以及FAR和RPA之间的军事战斗如何影响卢旺达首都基加利的杀戮率。-目前的卢旺达军队，卢旺达国防军（卢旺达国防军）由内战和种族灭绝时期的卢旺达国防军军事指挥官和士兵组成，它是种族灭绝期间拯救生命的主要唯一行动者，这一历史叙述如何反映？这种历史叙述如何影响目前RDF对促进卢旺达安全的看法？-在每年举行的奎布卡种族灭绝纪念活动中，关于种族灭绝的全国讨论是否包括或不包括内战最后几个月的军事战斗？通过与和平研究与对话研究所（IRDP）的合作，这项研究将收集种族灭绝幸存者、肇事者和在冲突期间参加战斗的前军事官员的证词，以了解军队的行动，并将其置于基加利主要种族灭绝地点的背景下。首席研究员Jonathan Beloff博士主要在卢旺达基加利工作，他将通过半结构化访谈方法收集定性数据。通过话语分析和三角测量进行的数据分析将有助于三角测量军事力量的运动、种族灭绝肇事者以及图西族人和温和的胡图族人在哪里从定点杀戮中获救。与和平研究与对话研究所（IRDP）的合作创造了共享知识交流的机会，这将极大地有利于卢旺达关于该国种族灭绝历史的教育。

Rwanda is a primary location site for conducting genocide studies ever since the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi, also referred to as the 1994 Rwandan Genocide. Over the past twenty-six years, academic researchers and journalists have conducted in depth research and analysis of the genocidal massacres. Much of this research focuses on the events during the genocide between genocide perpetrators, Hutu extremists known as the Interahamwe, and the Tutsi victims. During a one-hundred-day period, an estimated 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed with this critical event only ending with the removal of genocidal forces by the mostly Tutsi rebel group, the Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF). Its military wing, the Rwanda Patriotic Army (RPA) were militarily responsible for combating Forces Rwandaises de Défense (FAR) in the larger conflict of the Rwandan Civil War (1990-1994) which had raged on since October 1990. However, the final months of the conflict witnessed not only military confrontations between the two military actors but the addition of genocide forces wishing to kill Tutsis and any Hutus who defied their extremist Hutu supremacy beliefs. Numerous cease-fires accumulating into the 1993 Arusha Accords, which provided hope for Tutsis and moderate Hutu groups of political reforms and a secure civil society. However, the assassination of Hutu President, Juvénal Habyarimana on the night of April 6th began a new dynamic within the conflict of genocidal massacres that complicated terms of peace and would reignite the Civil War within days. While the genocide is well researched within scholarly and journalistic publications, there is a significant gap in how the military campaigns between the opposing military forces of the Rwanda Patriotic Army (RPA) against the Forces Rwandaises de Défense (FAR) impacted the rate of killings.Military Strategies During the Genocide Against the Tutsis in Rwanda will specifically ask:- Whether the current understandings within genocide studies incorporate the military history of the Rwandan Civil War and how the military battles between the FAR and RPA impacted the rate of killings within Rwanda's capital city of Kigali.- How does the current Rwandan military, the Rwanda Defence Force (RDF), which composes much of the same RPA military commanders and soldiers from the Civil War and genocide reflect on its historical narratives of being the primary sole actor who saved lives during the genocide? And how does this historical narrative influence current RDF perceptions of promoting Rwandan security?- Whether the military battles during the final months of the Civil War are included or absent in national discussions of the genocide, during the annual Kwibuka genocide commemorations?Through a collaboration with the Institute of Research and Dialogue for Peace (IRDP), this research will collect testimonies from genocide survivors, perpetrators and former military officials who fought during the conflict to create an understanding of the movements of military forces and place them within the context of major genocide locations throughout Kigali. Working mostly within Kigali, Rwanda the principal investigator, Dr Jonathan Beloff, will collect qualitative data through semi-structured interview methods. Data analysis through Discourse Analysis and Triangulation will help triangulate the movement of military forces, genocide perpetrators and where Tutsis and moderate Hutus were saved from the targeted killings. Collaborating with the Institute of Research and Dialogue for Peace (IRDP) creates the opportunity for shared knowledge exchange that will greatly benefit Rwandan education on the nation's genocidal history.